Applications of Extracellular Vesicles in Nervous System Disorders: An Overview of Recent Advances

Diseases affecting the brain and spinal cord fall under the umbrella term central nervous system disease. Most medications used to treat or prevent chronic diseases of the central nervous system cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and hence cannot reach their intended target. Exosomes facilitate cellular material movement and signal transmission. Exosomes can pass the blood-brain barrier because of their tiny size, high delivery efficiency, minimal immunogenicity, and good biocompatibility. They enter brain endothelial cells via normal endocytosis and reverse endocytosis. Exosome bioengineering may be a method to produce consistent and repeatable isolation for clinical usage. Because of their tiny size, stable composition, non-immunogenicity, non-toxicity, and capacity to carry a wide range of substances, exosomes are indispensable transporters for targeted drug administration. Bioengineering has the potential to improve these aspects of exosomes significantly. Future research into exosome vectors must focus on redesigning the membrane to produce vesicles with targeting abilities to increase exosome targeting. To better understand exosomes and their potential as therapeutic vectors for central nervous system diseases, this article explores their basic biological properties, engineering modifications, and promising applications.

Automated summary

Diseases affecting the brain and spinal cord are classified as central nervous system diseases. Most medications used for these diseases are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, limiting their effectiveness. However, exosomes, due to their small size, high delivery efficiency, and compatibility, can cross the blood-brain barrier and serve as transporters for targeted drug administration. Further research and bioengineering modifications can enhance the properties and targeting abilities of exosomes, making them promising vectors for central nervous system diseases.