Groundwater Variability in a Semi-Arid River Basin, Central India

The Betwa River basin, a semi-arid catchment that has been classified as a major hotspot of groundwater depletion in Central India. The rainfall and streamflow intermittency have affected agricultural practices due to the variability of groundwater availability for irrigation. This study evaluates the spatial and temporal variations of groundwater level (GWL) in the last 25 years (1993-2018) in the catchment. We applied a nonparametric Seasonal Trend decomposition based on the Loess (STL) method to decompose the GWL time series into the seasonal, trend, and remainder components. We observed that the GWL in the northeastern regions of the basin has depleted about 3-5 mbgl in the last two decades. During the same period, the basin has experienced a reduction in the rainfall magnitude (2.07 mm/yr). We observed that the overexploitation of groundwater for irrigation and rainfall variability have greatly impacted the GWL condition in the study area. Further, if the groundwater extraction continues at present rates, the Betwa River basin may experience severe depletion in the future.

Automated summary

This study evaluates the spatial and temporal variations of groundwater level (GWL) in the Betwa River basin in Central India over the past 25 years. The study finds that the GWL in this semi-arid region has gradually decreased, mainly due to overexploitation of groundwater and reduced rainfall. If the current rate of groundwater extraction continues, the basin may face severe depletion in the future.