Time-dependent flow of water-based ternary hybrid nanoparticles over a radially contracting/expanding and rotating permeable stretching sphere

This work concentrates on the flow of ternary nanofluid flow over a rotating sphere in view of cooling of rotating spherical products in various industries, machinery fields, and other applications. Here, considered nanoparticles have various practical applications for cooling in various industrial processes. This study is considered innovative because it examines the effect of three different nanoparticles on the flow over a rotating sphere with expansion/ contraction reported for the first time. Ternary-hybrid nanofluid is a comprehensive combination of a fluid material with three different types of nano-sized particles. Recent findings concerning the potential and appli-cations of nanofluids have revealed several facts about the nature of nanoparticles and their ability to influence the rate of heat transmission across the base fluid. Considering the aforementioned cause, the objective of this work is to explore the flow produced by spinning, suction-driven, radially shrinking or expanding stretching sphere. Initially, the problem is bounded in the requisite posited form of PDEs which are non-linear and coupled. A detailed description of a solution procedure for accommodating non-similar momentum boundary layers is also discussed. The terms (non-similar) that make up the obtained converted equations are maintained without ap-proximations. Moreover, these non-similarities set of equations is tackled numerically via the help of bvp4c. Several graphs and tables are equipped for the influence of sundry controlling parameters. It is discovered that in circumstances of contracting, expanding and non-growing wall deformation, the region (equatorial) is efficiently smoothed out by the wall mass transpiration. When the sphere expands, the radial inward flow at the equator is no longer relevant and intense suction results in virtually constant radial suction velocities. Finally, the grid sensitivity analysis test is also performed for the ternary hybrid nanoparticles to show that the outcomes are asymptotically converged.

Automated summary

This study focuses on the flow of ternary nanofluid over a rotating sphere, which has important implications for cooling rotating spherical products in various industries. The study investigates the effects of three different nanoparticles on the flow over a rotating sphere and identifies the phenomenon of expansion/contraction. The study provides numerical solutions and graphical representations to demonstrate the influence of various controlling parameters.