Heterogeneity of Research and Development Expenditure: A Convergence Analysis for the Spanish Regions

In the present study, we investigate the convergence of research and development (R&D) expenditure, a relevant factor in competitiveness, across Spanish regions through a club convergence analysis for the period 2000 to 2017. The results show large regional disparities in R&D expenditure in Spain. We have identified four clusters, plus a divergent region: the Basque Country. The results are similar for the two perspectives considered: percentage of GDP and per capita. We discuss these results taking into account the effects of the Great Recession and compare the outcomes with those for a club convergence of regional GDP per capita. Finally, we carry out an ordered logit model to analyse the factors behind the clusters, with human capital and economic openness being significant.

Automated summary

The study investigates the convergence of research and development expenditure across Spanish regions from 2000 to 2017. The results show significant disparities in R&D expenditure, with four clusters and one divergent region identified. The study also highlights the importance of human capital and economic openness in shaping these clusters.