Journal
AMERICAN ANTIQUITY
Volume 88, Issue 1, Pages 2-19Publisher
CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1017/aaq.2022.96
Keywords
agricultural origins; inequality; costly signaling; archaeoentomology; US Southwest; Basketmaker II period
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Anthropological research suggests that emergent food-producing economies often led to high levels of inequality in human societies, as seen in the use of jewelry made from precious minerals among early agricultural populations. This study reports the discovery of necklaces made from scarab beetle femora, indicating a connection between emergent agriculture and inequality in the Basketmaker II culture. These jewelry items were likely visual signals of socioeconomic status that emerged during a period of surplus food production and growing wealth accumulation.
Anthropological research has long theorized that emergent food-producing economies catalyzed high levels of inequality in human societies, as evident in the earliest use of jewelry made from gold, copper, and other precious minerals among early agricultural populations. Although the US Southwest appears to have been an exception, we report the discovery of two Basketmaker II period necklaces constructed of green iridescent scarab beetle femora, which suggests a homologous association between emergent agriculture and inequality. Drawing insight from ethnography, archaeology, entomology, and evolutionary ecology, we hypothesize that these and other jewelry items of Basketmaker II culture were visually prominent, honest signals of socioeconomic capital that emerged during a period of surplus food production and incipient wealth accumulation. It appears that Basketmaker II societies-like other emergent food-producing economies around the world-grappled with the opportunities and challenges that arise with surplus production, albeit in a distinct way that involved visually striking insect and feather adornments as status signals. Archaeologists may have previously overlooked this behavior due to Western biases that privilege precious metals and minerals as prestige objects and archaeological biases that tend to view insects as food or agents of site disturbance.
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