Enhancing motor imagery practice using synchronous action observation

In this paper, we discuss a variety of ways in which practising motor actions by means of motor imagery (MI) can be enhanced via synchronous action observation (AO), that is, by AO + MI. We review the available research on the (mostly facilitatory) behavioural effects of AO + MI practice in the early stages of skill acquisition, discuss possible theoretical explanations, and consider several issues related to the choice and presentation schedules of suitable models. We then discuss considerations related to AO + MI practice at advanced skill levels, including expertise effects, practical recommendations such as focussing attention on specific aspects of the observed action, using just-ahead models, and possible effects of the perspective in which the observed action is presented. In section Coordinative AO + MI , we consider scenarios where the observer imagines performing an action that complements or responds to the observed action, as a promising and yet under-researched application of AO + MI training. In section The dual action simulation hypothesis of AO + MI , we review the neurocognitive hypothesis that AO + MI practice involves two parallel action simulations, and we consider opportunities for future research based on recent neuroimaging work on parallel motor representations. In section AO + MI training in motor rehabilitation , we review applications of AO, MI, and AO + MI training in the field of neurorehabilitation. Taken together, this evidence-based, exploratory review opens a variety of avenues for future research and applications of AO + MI practice, highlighting several clear advantages over the approaches of purely AO- or MI-based practice.

Automated summary

In this paper, the authors discuss how the combination of action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) can enhance motor skill acquisition. They review research on the effects of AO + MI practice in the early stages of skill acquisition, explore possible theoretical explanations, and discuss considerations for choosing suitable models. The authors also discuss advanced skill levels, including expertise effects and practical recommendations, and explore the potential of AO + MI training in motor rehabilitation. This evidence-based review opens up avenues for future research and applications of AO + MI practice.