Activated carbon from biomass precursors using phosphoric acid: A review

Low-cost and renewable adsorbent activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass is a focus of worldwide concern due to its readily available waste disposal problems in the environment. Physical and chemical processes are the main procedures forproduction of biomass-activated carbon (AC). Activating lignocellulosic biomass by chemical methods in terms of energy performance, lower timecarbonization, and temperature is mutual forthe production of activated carbon. Out of chemical activating agents (H3PO4, H2SO4, ZnCl2, FeCl3, NaOH, KOH, and K2CO3), H3PO4 is the most commonly used chemical activating agent during the synthesis of activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass because of its ease of recovery, low environmental impact, and higher carbon yield. The surface area of most activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass by H3PO4was in the variability of 456.1-2806 m2/g, yielding 26.1-85 % and an extreme adsorption capacity of 2.5-89.29 mg/g. And also, high acids to pre-cursor ratio and activation temperature of AC were synthesized from lignocellulosic biomass. Generally, the advantage of this review paper, gathers evidence from currently published articles deliberating chemical composition, proximate values, biomass activation methods, the elemental composition of lignocellulosic biomass, physio-chemical properties of different lignocellulosic materials AC synthesized using a phosphoric acid activation agent, and the usage of derived activated carbon through phosphoric acid activation for water disin-fection, solute organic matter, energy storage, and heavy metal removal.

Automated summary

This review paper discusses the chemical methods for preparing activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass, with a focus on the advantages of using H3PO4 as a chemical activating agent. The results show that H3PO4 activation can lead to activated carbon with high surface area and extreme adsorption capacity. The paper also summarizes the physio-chemical properties of activated carbon prepared from different lignocellulosic materials and discusses the applications of activated carbon in water disinfection, solute organic matter, energy storage, and heavy metal removal.