Related references
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Summary: This paper reviews recent developments in the field of germinal center (GC) biology, specifically in GCs induced by infection or immunization. It summarizes the phenotype and function of different cell types in the GC, focusing on GC B cells. It also examines the cellular and molecular basis of affinity-dependent selection within the GC and the export of memory and plasma cells. Additionally, it provides an overview of the emerging field of GC clonal dynamics and its impact on the diversity of antibodies secreted into serum.
ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY
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Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.
Summary: Recent surveillance has identified the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which carries up to 36 mutations in the spike protein and has the potential to evade vaccine-induced immunity. This study found that individuals vaccinated with mRNA vaccines exhibited strong neutralization of the Omicron variant, while most vaccinees had weak neutralization. The study also revealed that the Omicron variant infects more efficiently than other tested variants.
Article
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Victoria Hall et al.
Summary: This study investigated the duration and effectiveness of immunity among healthcare workers in the United Kingdom. It found that two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine provided high short-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, but this protection significantly decreased after six months. However, infection-acquired immunity boosted by vaccination remained high, even more than one year after infection.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Ingrid Jyssum et al.
Summary: This study investigates the humoral and cellular immune responses in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with rituximab after receiving two or three doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The study finds that some patients do not have serological responses to two doses of the vaccine, but a third dose can enhance the cellular immune response. This is important for understanding the vaccine efficacy in immunocompromised patients.
LANCET RHEUMATOLOGY
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Editorial Material
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LANCET RHEUMATOLOGY
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Deborah Cromer et al.
Summary: By analyzing data on in-vitro neutralization and clinical protection, the study found that neutralizing activity against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 is highly correlated with neutralization of variants of concern, and can still predict the vaccine's protection against these variants. Simulation results suggest that booster vaccination for previously infected individuals can provide higher levels of protection compared to primary vaccination. Although the protection may decrease within the first year after vaccination, the current vaccines can still offer robust protection in the medium term.
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ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES
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Summary: Fourth-dose COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccines are well tolerated and can enhance cellular and humoral immunity. The peak response after the fourth dose is similar to, or possibly better than, the peak response after the third dose.
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Summary: This study measured the neutralization capacity of individuals infected with Omicron sublineage BA.1 in South Africa. The results showed that vaccination and Omicron BA.1 infection together can provide protection against Delta and other variants, while infection with Omicron BA.1 alone offers limited cross-protection despite moderate enhancement.
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Ronen Arbel et al.
Summary: A retrospective analysis of data from Israel shows that a second booster shot of BNT162b2 in individuals aged 60 and over significantly reduces hospitalizations and deaths due to COVID-19.
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Summary: After administering the fourth dose of BNT162b2 vaccine to individuals aged 60 years and older during the period when the omicron variant was predominant, Israel observed lower rates of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe Covid-19 compared to those who received only three doses. The protection against severe illness remained consistent, while the protection against confirmed infection decreased over time.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Ori Magen et al.
Summary: The use of a fourth dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in Israel starting on January 3, 2022, has shown significant reductions in infection rate, symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and Covid-19-related deaths by February 18.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Gili Regev-Yochay et al.
Summary: Health care workers in Israel received a fourth dose of mRNA vaccine during the prevalence of the omicron variant. The fourth dose boosted antibody levels but did not surpass the maximum observed after the third dose. The vaccine demonstrated an efficacy of 31 to 43% against symptomatic disease.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Article
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Nadia E. Aikawa et al.
Summary: This study assesses the immunogenicity of a fourth dose of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in autoimmune rheumatic disease patients who had a poor or non-response to the third dose of an inactivated vaccine. The results show that most patients had a significant increase in antibody levels after the fourth dose, but a portion of patients still did not have an adequate antibody response. The use of specific drugs, such as rituximab and prednisone, may impair the antibody response.
Article
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Paulina Kaplonek et al.
Summary: The successful development of COVID-19 vaccines has led to reduced morbidity and mortality. However, the emergence of viral variants has affected the efficacy of the vaccines, showing differences between two approved mRNA platforms, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. Understanding the differences in immune responses induced by these vaccines is important for determining their protective immunity.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
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Silje W. Syversen et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of the standard SARS-CoV-2 vaccination regimen and a third dose in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) receiving immunosuppressive therapy. The results showed that IMID patients had a weaker response to the standard vaccine regimen, but the serologic response improved after receiving a third dose. These data help identify IMID patients who may benefit from a third vaccine dose.
ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATOLOGY
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Edward P K Parker et al.
Lancet Global Health
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Letter
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Editorial Material
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LANCET RHEUMATOLOGY
(2022)
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Rheumatology
Luuk Wieske et al.
Summary: Specific immunosuppressants may impair humoral responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Most patients receiving immunosuppressant therapy show similar humoral responses to controls after standard vaccination, although antibody titres may be moderately reduced. However, a third vaccination can enhance immune responses in patients with poor humoral responses.
LANCET RHEUMATOLOGY
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Aekkachai Tuekprakhon et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread globally and has evolved into different sublineages, with BA.4 and BA.5 dominating in South Africa. These sublineages show reduced neutralization by vaccine and naturally immune serum, indicating the possibility of repeat Omicron infections.
Article
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Ulf Martin Geisen et al.
Summary: The humoral immune response declines more rapidly with TNF-alpha inhibition in patients with chronic inflammatory disease. The efficacy of current vaccines against Omicron variants, including BA.2, is limited. Alterations in immune cell populations, changes in IgG affinity, and the ability to neutralize the virus were investigated in these at-risk patients.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
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Heba N. Altarawneh et al.
Summary: An analysis of data from Qatar showed that previous infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity all demonstrated effectiveness in protecting against symptomatic Covid-19 caused by the BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages of the Omicron variant.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Article
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Daniel Mrak et al.
Summary: This study found that rituximab-treated patients can mount an immune response after receiving a fourth vaccine dose. However, continuous use of rituximab may diminish humoral immune response, suggesting the need to postpone treatment.
ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES
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Joao Malato et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Laura Boekel et al.
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Shintaro Akiyama et al.
Summary: Patients with autoimmune diseases have a higher risk of COVID-19, primarily due to glucocorticoid use. Monotherapy with b/tsDMARDs is associated with a lower risk of hospitalisation and death.
ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES
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Article
Rheumatology
Rene Cordtz et al.
Summary: The study found that patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) were more likely to be hospitalized with COVID-19, while treatment with specific DMARDs did not affect the risk of hospitalization for RA patients, but could increase the risk of severe outcomes.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shuo Feng et al.
Summary: Defined levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies elicited by the COVID-19 vaccine were identified as correlates of protection against symptomatic infection. Higher levels of immune markers were correlated with a reduced risk of symptomatic infection. The data can be used to extrapolate efficacy estimates to new populations.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Juanjie Tang et al.
Summary: This study highlights the differences in antibody affinity maturation between individuals with prior COVID-19 infection and naive individuals post mRNA vaccination. Higher neutralizing antibodies were observed in convalescent individuals compared to naive individuals, along with differences in antibody binding and affinity. Additionally, males showed significantly higher antibody affinity against SARS-CoV-2 prefusion spike compared to females among the naive participants. Further research is needed to determine the role of antibody affinity in protection against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
David S. Khoury et al.
Summary: The level of neutralizing antibodies is closely related to immune protection against COVID-19, playing a crucial role in protecting against detected infection and severe infection. Studies have shown that neutralizing titers will decline over time after vaccination, leading to decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zijun Wang et al.
Summary: Despite challenges posed by COVID-19 variants, convalescent individuals receiving mRNA vaccines exhibit robust and long-lasting immune responses against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, providing hope for effective control of the pandemic.
