Targeting toll-like receptor 7/8 for immunotherapy: recent advances and prospectives

Article Oncology

Inhibitory Effect of Immunologically Activated Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Lung Cancer Cell Growth and Metastasis

Hong Ye et al.

Summary: Immunologically activated HUC-MSCs can inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of A549 lung cancer cells, and promote apoptosis.

CANCER BIOTHERAPY AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS (2023)

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Article Fisheries

Characterization of a novel Toll-like receptor 13 homologue from a marine fish Nibea albiflora, revealing its immunologic function as PRRs

Yue Liu et al.

Summary: TLR13 gene sequence of Nibea albiflora was cloned and functionally characterized. NaTLR13 plays an important role in the immune defense of fish, recognizing the conserved sequence of bacteria and inducing immune response. NaTLR13 is expressed in multiple tissues and has immune defense function against bacterial and viral infections through interaction with MyD88 in the NF kappa B signaling pathway.

DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Inhibition of TLR7 and TLR9 Reduces Human Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Proliferation and Tumor Development

Fatma El Zahraa Mohamed et al.

Summary: The study found that TLR4 is mostly absent in human ICCs, while TLR7 and TLR9 are expressed in a majority of cases. Experimental results suggest that TLR7 and TLR9 may have potential as actionable targets in the treatment of ICC.

DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Oncology

Toll-like receptor 8 agonists improve NK-cell function primarily targeting CD56brightCD16- subset

Irene Veneziani et al.

Summary: The study suggests that TLR8 in NK cells may serve as a potential target for immunotherapy in patients with cancer.

JOURNAL FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Toll-Like Receptors Serve as Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis and Prognosis Assessment of Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma by Influencing the Immune Microenvironment: Comprehensive Bioinformatics Analysis Combined With Experimental Validation

Xiong Zou et al.

Summary: The expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) are closely related to the occurrence, development, and prognosis of KIRC. TLR3 and TLR4 are significantly elevated in the early stage of KIRC and associated with overall survival and disease free survival in KIRC patients. Genetic alterations and a complex protein-protein interaction network exist among TLRs in KIRC. Additionally, the expression of TLRs is positively correlated with the infiltration levels of immune cells in KIRC. This study provides new insights into the selection of immunotherapy targets for KIRC.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES (2022)

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Article Oncology

A comprehensive model based on temporal dynamics of peripheral T cell repertoire for predicting post-treatment distant metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Yajing Zhang et al.

Summary: The study aimed to predict distant metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after treatment using TCRB repertoire parameters, revealing a decrease in TCRB diversity and an increase in similarity associated with better survival. A comprehensive model incorporating basic clinical characteristics and TCRB indices showed higher accuracy in predicting distant metastasis-free survival.

CANCER IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNOTHERAPY (2022)

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Review Oncology

The Role of Toll-like Receptors in Esophageal Cancer

Spyridon Davakis et al.

Summary: Esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are correlated with the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which may serve as significant diagnostic and prognostic factors for esophageal cancer.

ANTICANCER RESEARCH (2022)

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Review Oncology

Molecular Pathways and Mechanisms of LAG3 in Cancer Therapy

Lawrence P. Andrews et al.

Summary: Immunotherapy targeting coinhibitory receptors has achieved success in treating malignancies, but only a subset of patients respond well. LAG3, an inhibitory receptor, holds promise as a target for immunotherapy and its combination with PD1 can enhance anti-tumor immunity. Clinical trials have shown the effectiveness and safety of anti-LAG3 and anti-PD1 combination therapy in metastatic melanoma.

CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH (2022)

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Review Immunology

Targeting toll-like receptors on T cells as a therapeutic strategy against tumors

Renyi Ding et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the prospects and role of therapeutic methods targeting T cells in patients with hematologic malignancies. Studies have found that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. The article discusses the potential of combining TLR agonists with other treatment methods.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Article Oncology

The TLR7/8 agonist R848 optimizes host and tumor immunity to improve therapeutic efficacy in murine lung cancer

Jianchun Zhou et al.

Summary: Treatment with TLR7 agonist R848 has shown effectiveness in lung cancer by targeting macrophages and activating immune responses, resulting in reduced tumor burden and prolonged survival. R848 treatment promotes the activation of DCs and NK cells, increases T helper cell-associated cytokines, and alters the proportion of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY (2022)

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Review Oncology

Cancer vaccines as promising immuno-therapeutics: platforms and current progress

Jian Liu et al.

Summary: Research on tumor immunotherapy has made significant progress, and cancer vaccines have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Cancer vaccines stimulate anti-tumor immunity with tumor antigens, potentially overcoming immune suppression and inducing both humoral and cellular immunity. This review introduces the working mechanism of cancer vaccines, summarizes different development platforms, and highlights their clinical research progress, with a focus on clinical application and therapeutic efficacy.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the selectivity mechanism of structurally similar agonists to TLR7 and TLR8

Xiaoyu Wang et al.

Summary: TLR7 and TLR8 play crucial roles in innate immunity and can be therapeutic targets for diseases like infections and cancer. The biological response to small molecule binding differs between TLR7 and TLR8. Through molecular dynamic simulations and binding free energy calculations, it was found that selective agonists were more favorable for TLR7. Van der Waals interactions were identified as the driving force for agonist binding.

PLOS ONE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The expression and prognostic value of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in pancreatic cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy

Anna Maria Nurmi et al.

Summary: This study analyzed the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their association with survival in pancreatic cancer patients. The results showed that patients who received neoadjuvant therapy had higher expression of TLRs. Among neoadjuvant therapy patients, high expression of TLR1 was associated with longer postoperative survival, while high expression of TLR5 and TLR7 in patients undergoing upfront surgery predicted a favorable postoperative outcome.

PLOS ONE (2022)

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Article Oncology

Combining bempegaldesleukin (CD122-preferential IL-2 pathway agonist) and NKTR-262 (TLR7/8 agonist) improves systemic antitumor CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity over BEMPEG plus RT

Annah S. Rolig et al.

Summary: This study aims to evaluate whether intratumoral NKTR-262 combined with systemic BEMPEG treatment can improve tumor-specific immunity and survival. The results showed that BEMPEG+NKTR-262 significantly improved survival and inhibited tumor growth by expanding activated CD8(+) T cells and enhancing cytolytic function.

JOURNAL FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER (2022)

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Review Oncology

TIGIT-CD226-PVR axis: advancing immune checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy

Eugene Y. Chiang et al.

Summary: Recent advances in understanding immune checkpoints have led to successful therapeutic strategies that have fundamentally changed oncology practice. Currently, only two immune therapies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-L1/PD-1 have been approved. TIGIT, a member of the PVR/nectin family, acts as a checkpoint inhibitor and regulates the activity of the costimulatory receptor CD226. Several TIGIT-directed blocking antibodies are currently being developed for clinical use.

JOURNAL FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER (2022)

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Review Oncology

Update in TIGIT Immune-Checkpoint Role in Cancer

Tiziana Annese et al.

Summary: This article discusses the interaction between tumor cells and T cells, with a focus on the role of TIGIT in immune cells. It proposes therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment by targeting the TIGIT pathway.

FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY (2022)

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Review Oncology

Targeting macrophages in hematological malignancies: recent advances and future directions

Wei Li et al.

Summary: Emerging evidence suggests that innate immune checkpoints, particularly the don't eat signals, play significant roles in immune escape of cancer cells. Molecular blockades targeting these pathways have been developed to enhance phagocytic activity against tumors. Clinical studies have shown promising results when combining CD47 blockades with other therapies in hematological malignancies. Targeting macrophages and reprogramming their activity have demonstrated anti-tumor effects in blood cancer therapy.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

A Therapeutic Whole-Tumor-Cell Vaccine Covalently Conjugated with a TLR7 Agonist

Huju Chi et al.

Summary: A single-protein or -peptide vaccine cannot stimulate immune responses in cancer therapy, while a whole-tumor-cell vaccine with complete cancer cell antigens and all conformations can effectively trigger immune responses and is widely used in the treatment of advanced malignant tumors.

CELLS (2022)

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Review Oncology

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in hematologic malignancies: two sides of the same coin

Shunjie Yu et al.

Summary: MDSCs, a type of bone marrow cells with immunosuppressive activity, are closely associated with the development of various diseases. While their role in solid tumors is extensively studied, little is known about their role in hematologic malignancies.

EXPERIMENTAL HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2022)

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Review Oncology

Emerging strategies in targeting tumor-resident myeloid cells for cancer immunotherapy

Yi Wang et al.

Summary: Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized oncology, but only a small percentage of patients benefit from them. Understanding the role of myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment is crucial for differentiating treatment response from non-response. Recent advancements have provided insights into the heterogeneity and function of myeloid cells, and strategies targeting these cells are being explored in preclinical and clinical settings.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2022)

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Review Oncology

Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles for cancer treatment using versatile targeted strategies

Hailong Tian et al.

Summary: Nanoscale drug delivery systems can effectively deliver drugs to tumor cells by targeting cell surface-specific receptors, tumor vasculature, and antigens, and stimulus-responsive nanoplatforms are considered a promising targeting strategy.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Epitope Mapping of Therapeutic Antibodies Targeting Human LAG3

Pragati Agnihotri et al.

Summary: Lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (LAG3) is an inhibitory receptor highly expressed on exhausted T cells in tumors and chronic viral infection, making it a major immunotherapeutic target. By studying seven monoclonal antibodies that recognize LAG3, it was found that they mainly target the first Ig-like domain (D1) of LAG3 and partially overlap with the binding site for MHC class II.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Oncology

Identification and pharmacological modification of resistance mechanisms to protoporphyrin-mediated photodynamic therapy in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell lines

Nicole Schary et al.

Summary: The study found a novel pathway for selective uptake of 5-ALA via the taurine transporter SLC6A6 in cutaneous tumor cells, MTX can partially overcome resistance by inducing PpIX synthesis enzymes, and efflux mechanisms via ABC transporters appear to be a main driving force and promising drug targets in PDT-resistant cells.

PHOTODIAGNOSIS AND PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY (2022)

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Review Oncology

Therapeutic applications of toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonists in AML

Ye Peng et al.

Summary: This study reviews the therapeutic potentials of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The study found that TLR signaling increases the immunogenicity of AML cells, making them more susceptible to T cell attack.

CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Toll-Like Receptor 8 Agonist GS-9688 Induces Sustained Efficacy in the Woodchuck Model of Chronic Hepatitis B

Stephane Daffis et al.

Summary: GS-9688 treatment in woodchucks with WHV infection showed significant antiviral efficacy, with a >5 log(10) reduction in viral load and sustained response even after treatment cessation. The treatment also resulted in reduced intrahepatic WHV RNA and DNA levels, and enhanced immune responses in woodchucks.

HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

A Double-blind, Randomized Phase 2 Controlled Trial of Intradermal Hepatitis B Vaccination With a Topical Toll-like Receptor 7 Agonist Imiquimod, in Patients on Dialysis

Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung et al.

Summary: Pretreatment with topical imiquimod before intradermal hepatitis B virus vaccination can improve seroprotection in dialysis patients, with high safety and favorable outcomes.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 enhances peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cell cytotoxicity in patients with gastric cancer

Junli Xu et al.

Summary: This study found that TLR2 expression was down-regulated in CD8(+) T cells from GC patients. CD8(+) T cells in GC patients showed an exhausted phenotype with decreased cytotoxicity. Activation of TLR2 by Pam3Csk4 enhanced expression of cytolytic molecules in CD8(+) T cells, but did not affect proinflammatory cytokine production or co-inhibitory molecules expression.

BMC IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Therapeutic Potential of TLR8 Agonist GS-9688 (Selgantolimod) in Chronic Hepatitis B: Remodeling of Antiviral and Regulatory Mediators

Oliver E. Amin et al.

Summary: GS-9688 activates immune cell subsets and induces the production of immunomodulatory mediators in healthy controls and CHB patients. It boosts antiviral effector functions by activating HBV-specific CD8(+) T cells, CD4(+) follicular helper T cells, NK cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Additionally, GS-9688 modulates immunoregulatory subsets, potentially optimizing its antiviral efficacy.

HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Review Oncology

Tumor-associated macrophage-targeted therapeutics in ovarian cancer

Yuanyuan An et al.

Summary: Ovarian cancer is influenced significantly by the tumor microenvironment, where macrophages play a crucial role in regulating the progression of the disease. Targeted therapy focusing on macrophages shows promise in treating ovarian cancer, despite facing challenges. Interactions between macrophages and other immune cells within the microenvironment also impact the development of ovarian cancer.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Glucose metabolism characteristics and TLR8-mediated metabolic control of CD4+ Treg cells in ovarian cancer cells microenvironment

Rui Xu et al.

Summary: Immunotherapy is expected to be a promising treatment for ovarian cancer due to its immunogenicity. However, immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment poses challenges. Studies have shown that the metabolism pathways of Tregs in the cancer environment may contribute to immunosuppression, and TLR8 can reverse the inhibitory function of Tregs. Activation of TLR8 signaling results in decreased glucose metabolism in Tregs and promotes proliferation of naive T cells in the ovarian cancer microenvironment.

CELL DEATH & DISEASE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The anti-tumor effects of cetuximab in combination with VTX-2337 are T cell dependent

Yinwen Cheng et al.

Summary: The study found that TLR8 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients is associated with CD8+ T cell infiltration and better survival outcomes. The combination of VTX-2337 and cetuximab showed anti-tumor effects on tumor growth, survival and immune cell recruitment.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Review Oncology

Toll-like receptors and toll-like receptor-targeted immunotherapy against glioma

Yang Xun et al.

Summary: Glioma is a fast proliferating and highly invasive brain tumor that is difficult to treat and often recurs. Toll-like receptors play dual roles in the glioma microenvironment, eliciting both anti-tumoral and pro-tumoral responses. Targeting TLRs in glioma treatment may provide new strategies for immunotherapy.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Review Oncology

Contradictory roles of lipid metabolism in immune response within the tumor microenvironment

Weina Yu et al.

Summary: The immune system plays a crucial role in cancer development, but tumor cells can evade immune defenses and reprogram the immune response to support their growth and metastasis.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Review Oncology

Combination strategies to maximize the benefits of cancer immunotherapy

Shaoming Zhu et al.

Summary: This review discusses the relationship between cancer immune response and resistance mechanisms to immunotherapy, as well as provides a comprehensive overview of the latest clinical status and FDA-approved combination therapies. It also covers therapies targeting cytokines, immunotherapy, virotherapy, innate immune modifiers, and cancer vaccines, as well as insights from the 2020 China Immuno-Oncology Workshop.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Review Oncology

Dysregulated tumor-associated macrophages in carcinogenesis, progression and targeted therapy of gynecological and breast cancers

Tianhan Xu et al.

Summary: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a key role in regulating gynecological and breast cancers by influencing cancer cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, and tumor-related immunosuppression. Targeting TAMs with potential drugs may be an effective therapeutic strategy in the future.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Review Oncology

Intratumor heterogeneity: the hidden barrier to immunotherapy against MSI tumors from the perspective of IFN-γ signaling and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

Wantao Wu et al.

Summary: Immunotherapy has significantly improved the prognosis of many malignant tumor patients in the era of precision medicine, with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR)/microsatellite instability (MSI) status used as a biomarker to predict response. However, some patients still respond poorly, partly due to intratumor heterogeneity propelled by dMMR/MSI. Understanding the mechanisms of dMMR/MSI's impact on immunotherapy is crucial for better outcomes.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Article Hematology

TLR7/8 agonist treatment induces an increase in bone marrow resident dendritic cells and hematopoietic progenitor expansion and mobilization

Sidan Li et al.

Summary: TLR7/8 agonists have unique effects on hematopoiesis, leading to the expansion of HSCs and alteration of DCs in phenotype and quantity. These effects may have clinical relevance for enhancing responses to certain immunotherapies.

EXPERIMENTAL HEMATOLOGY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Recent trends in the development of Toll-like receptor 7/8-targeting therapeutics

Xuan Huang et al.

Summary: TLR7 and TLR8 signaling pathways are favorable drug candidates for the treatment of immune disorders, with agonists and antagonists being used to enhance immune responses or reduce immune overreactions. Optimizing drug safety, efficacy, and specificity, as well as conducting detailed mechanistic studies, will contribute to the development of novel TLR7/8 immunomodulators and therapeutic strategies.

EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG DISCOVERY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the Oral TLR8 Agonist Selgantolimod in Chronic Hepatitis B

Edward J. Gane et al.

Summary: Selgantolimod was found to be safe and well-tolerated in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), inducing cytokine responses and antiviral immunity. Although some patients experienced adverse events and laboratory abnormalities, they were mild or moderate in severity. Further studies with longer treatment durations are needed to assess efficacy.

HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Therapeutic efficacy of cancer vaccine adjuvanted with nanoemulsion loaded with TLR7/8 agonist in lung cancer model

Jiae Koh et al.

Summary: A cancer vaccine adjuvanted with nanoemulsion (NE) loaded with TLR7/8 agonist (R848) demonstrated robust antitumor immune responses in both subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse lung cancer models, potentially prolonging survival by activating antitumor immunity and reprogramming immunosuppression.

NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Oncology

Macrophage polarization synergizes with oxaliplatin in lung cancer immunotherapy via enhanced tumor cell phagocytosis

Fei Li et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that oxaliplatin induces CALR expression and shows a synergistic anti-tumor effect when combined with R848 in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, M1 macrophages exhibit increased phagocytic ability towards OXA-treated LLC cells, and R848 can repolarize M2 macrophages into M1, enhancing their ability to phagocytize OXA-treated LLC cells.

TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Novel TLR 7/8 agonists for improving NK cell mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Vidhi Khanna et al.

Summary: New small molecule TLR7/8 agonists were found to induce significantly higher cytokines and activate NK cells, enhancing ADCC and anti-cancer efficacy of monoclonal antibodies. These agonists also stimulated CD8 T cells, suggesting an early adaptive immune response.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Article Virology

Oral Selective TLR8 Agonist Selgantolimod Induces Multiple Immune Cell Responses in Humans

Natarajan Ayithan et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that administration of selgantolimod in healthy individuals leads to alterations in immune cell populations, including monocytes, activated dendritic cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, and lymphoid cells. The changes in these cell frequencies and molecular expression suggest potential migration of different cell types in response to the agonist, highlighting the activation of multiple immune cell responses with antiviral potential.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Immunology

STAT3 Silencing and TLR7/8 Pathway Activation Repolarize and Suppress Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells From Breast Cancer Patients

Elham Safarzadeh et al.

Summary: The study found that the levels of HLA-DR(-)CD33(+) MDSCs in the blood of breast cancer patients are elevated, and these cells can strongly suppress T cell proliferation and enter the tumor microenvironment. Inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway and activating the TLR7/8 pathway can reduce the immunosuppressive effects of patient-derived MDSCs on T cells and decrease breast cancer cell proliferation.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Oncology

T-cell intrinsic Toll-like receptor signaling: implications for cancer immunotherapy and CAR T-cells

Yasmin Nouri et al.

Summary: TLRs expressed within T-cells serve as important costimulatory and regulatory molecules that enhance T-cell function and memory, while incorporating TLR signaling domains into CAR T-cells allows for the specific exploitation of T-cell intrinsic TLR function, presenting a new opportunity for cancer immunotherapies.

JOURNAL FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCER (2021)

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Review Oncology

Immunotherapies targeting stimulatory pathways and beyond

Julian A. Marin-Acevedo et al.

Summary: Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules are crucial in T cell function. Immunotherapy targeting inhibitory molecules has shown durable responses in some patients, while targeting stimulatory pathways on immune cells is another strategy to enhance anti-tumor activities.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Review Oncology

Landscape of Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cell in Tumor Immunotherapy

Zhaonian Hao et al.

Summary: MDSC play vital roles in cancer microenvironment, influencing the responses to immunotherapies and prognosis of cancer patients. Therefore, proposing MDSC-inhibiting strategies becomes crucial in the field of cancer immunotherapies.

BIOMARKER RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Oncology

Next frontier in tumor immunotherapy: macrophage-mediated immune evasion

Yingqi Qiu et al.

Summary: This review highlights the critical role of TAMs in tumor immune evasion, discussing their interactions with other immune cells and factors, and summarizing relevant studies to provide new insights for immunotherapy. Macrophage-targeted therapy is expected to be the next frontier in cancer immunotherapy.

BIOMARKER RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Oncology

Roles of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor progression: implications on therapeutic strategies

Shangli Zhu et al.

Summary: Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that can be classified into M1- and M2-like phenotypes, with M2-like macrophages playing a critical role in tumor microenvironment. They contribute to tumor progression by promoting tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression.

EXPERIMENTAL HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Article Oncology

WGCNA identification of TLR7 as a novel diagnostic biomarker, progression and prognostic indicator, and immunotherapeutic target for stomach adenocarcinoma

Qihang Yuan et al.

Summary: This study revealed the crucial role of TLR7 in STAD and provided new perspectives for the selection of biomarkers, progression and prognosis indicators, and immunotherapeutic targets for STAD.

CANCER MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Large, Anionic Liposomes Enable Targeted Intraperitoneal Delivery of a TLR 7/8 Agonist To Repolarize Ovarian Tumors' Microenvironment

Yanan Kang et al.

Summary: Ovarian cancer is a deadly gynecological malignancy in the United States, with current treatment involving surgery and chemotherapy. However, patients often develop resistance to chemotherapy. Clinical trials utilizing immune checkpoint blockade as a novel strategy have shown limited success, partly due to the cold immune status of ovarian tumors.

BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Structure-Based Design of Highly Potent Toll-like Receptor 7/8 Dual Agonists for Cancer Immunotherapy

Zhisong Wang et al.

Summary: Activation of toll-like receptors 7 and 8 with designed and synthesized compounds showed promising potential for cancer immunotherapy by inducing secretion of immune factors, suppressing tumor growth, and enhancing antitumor activity of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Oncology

The Relationship between the Tissue Expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR7 and Systemic Inflammatory Responses in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Ines Beilmann-Lehtonen et al.

Summary: The study revealed that high tissue levels of TLR2, TLR5, and TLR7 were associated with better prognosis in CRC patients. Among low-CRP patients, high TLR2, TLR5, and TLR7 immunoexpressions were linked to improved prognosis, while in high CRP patients, high TLR4 immunoexpression was associated with better outcomes.

ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Article Genetics & Heredity

Higher TLR7 Gene Expression Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome in Advanced NSCLC Patients Treated with Immunotherapy

Sara Baglivo et al.

Summary: High TLR7 gene expression level was identified as an independent predictor for poor clinical benefits from ICI in advanced NSCLC patients. Bayesian analysis revealed a complex interaction network involving multiple immune-related genes.

GENES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Follicular Helper T (T-FH) Cell Targeting by TLR8 Signaling For Improving HBsAg-Specific B Cell Response In Chronic Hepatitis B Patients

Natarajan Ayithan et al.

Summary: TLR8 activation enhances follicular helper T cell function, leading to improved B cell response in chronic hepatitis B infection. TLR8 agonists may promote monocyte-mediated T-FH function and enhance HBV-specific B cell responses, potentially playing a role in achieving HBV functional cure.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Oncology

Intra-Tumoral Activation of Endosomal TLR Pathways Reveals a Distinct Role for TLR3 Agonist Dependent Type-1 Interferons in Shaping the Tumor Immune Microenvironment

Graham Thomas et al.

Summary: TLR agonists have shown potential as therapeutic targets for cancer immunotherapy by influencing the tumor immune microenvironment. Different TLR agonists have varying effects on immune cell composition, interferon signatures, and expression of immune checkpoint molecules. TLR3 stimulation appears to have unique effects on macrophages, monocytes, and T cells compared to TLR7 and TLR9 agonists, suggesting potential synergies with combination therapy strategies.

FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Combined TLR7/TLR9/GATA3 Score Can Predict Prognosis in Biliary Tract Cancer

Vittorio Branchi et al.

Summary: The study analyzed immune cell infiltration in biliary tract cancer and developed a promising immune signature score to predict prognosis. High expression of TLR7, TLR9, and GATA3 was associated with improved overall survival, while TLR9 was also linked to better disease-free survival. The TLR/TLR9/GATA3 score was identified as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in a multivariate Cox proportional-hazards model.

DIAGNOSTICS (2021)

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Review Oncology

Advances in technology and applications of nanoimmunotherapy for cancer

Lei Dou et al.

Summary: Host-tumor immune interactions are crucial in the progression and treatment of tumors, requiring a deeper understanding and effective manipulation. Despite some breakthroughs in tumor immunotherapy, no single strategy has been able to elicit sufficient and sustained antitumor immune responses in most specific malignancy patients and adequately reshape the tolerogenic tumor immune microenvironment.

BIOMARKER RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Oncology

High Tissue TLR5 Expression Predicts Better Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Ines Beilmann-Lehtonen et al.

Summary: This study investigated the tissue expressions of TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR9 in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and their prognostic value. The results demonstrated that high TLR5 expression in tumor tissue was associated with a better prognosis, while TLR7 expression showed no prognostic value.

ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Article Oncology

TLR 7/8 agonist reverses oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer via directing the myeloid-derived suppressor cells to tumoricidal M1-macrophages

Zhipeng Liu et al.

CANCER LETTERS (2020)

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Article Oncology

A TLR7 agonist strengthens T and NK cell function during BRAF-targeted therapy in a preclinical melanoma model

Lydia Bellmann et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER (2020)

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Article Oncology

Increased neutrophil extracellular traps promote metastasis potential of hepatocellular carcinoma via provoking tumorous inflammatory response

Lu-Yu Yang et al.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2020)

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Article Oncology

Characteristics, dynamic changes, and prognostic significance of TCR repertoire profiling in patients with renal cell carcinoma

Liping Guo et al.

JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Esophageal Cancer Development: Crucial Clues Arising from the Extracellular Matrix

Antonio Palumbo et al.

CELLS (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Toll-like Receptors and the Control of Immunity

Katherine A. Fitzgerald et al.

CELL (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Agonist and antagonist ligands of toll-like receptors 7 and 8: Ingenious tools for therapeutic purposes

Cindy Patinote et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Review Oncology

Next-generation immuno-oncology agents: current momentum shifts in cancer immunotherapy

Chongxian Pan et al.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Rationally Designed Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting an Unconventional Pocket on the TLR8 Protein-Protein Interface

Shuangshuang Jiang et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Discovery of GS-9688 (Selgantolimod) as a Potent and Selective Oral Toll-Like Receptor 8 Agonist for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B

Richard L. Mackman et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

TLR7/8 Agonist-Loaded Nanoparticles Augment NK Cell-Mediated Antibody-Based Cancer Immunotherapy

Hyunjoon Kim et al.

MOLECULAR PHARMACEUTICS (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Activation of Human γδ T Cells: Modulation by Toll-Like Receptor 8 Ligands and Role of Monocytes

Ruben Serrano et al.

CELLS (2020)

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Pre-activation with TLR7 in combination with thioridazine and loratadine promotes tumoricidal T-cell activity in colorectal cancer

Xiaotan Lin et al.

ANTI-CANCER DRUGS (2020)

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An iRGD peptide fused superantigen mutant induced tumor-targeting and T lymphocyte infiltrating in cancer immunotherapy

Yubo Song et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS (2020)

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High-capacity poly(2-oxazoline) formulation of TLR 7/8 agonist extends survival in a chemo-insensitive, metastatic model of lung adenocarcinoma

Natasha Vinod et al.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2020)

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Crosstalks between inflammasome and autophagy in cancer

Chaeuk Chung et al.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2020)

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High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1): a pivotal regulator of hematopoietic malignancies

Shunling Yuan et al.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2020)

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Dendritic cell biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy

Yingying Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2020)

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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells regulate colitis-associated tumorigenesis by controlling myeloid-derived suppressor cell infiltration

Eun-Hye Hong et al.

CANCER LETTERS (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Development of a novel TLR8 agonist for cancer immunotherapy

Yuxun Wang et al.

MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selgantolimod, an oral Toll-like receptor 8 agonist: a Phase Ia study in healthy subjects

Maribel Reyes et al.

ANTIVIRAL THERAPY (2020)

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Trial Watch: experimental TLR7/TLR8 agonists for oncological indications

Giorgio Frega et al.

ONCOIMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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TCR repertoire intratumor heterogeneity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in centers and margins of localized lung adenocarcinomas

Chaoting Zhang et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER (2019)

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Expression of toll-like receptors in non-endemic nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Miia Ruuskanen et al.

BMC CANCER (2019)

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Integrated multiomic analysis reveals comprehensive tumour heterogeneity and novel immunophenotypic classification in hepatocellular carcinomas

Qi Zhang et al.

GUT (2019)

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Toll-like receptors TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-7, and TLR-9 in tumor tissue and serum of the patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and gastro-esophageal junction cancer

Dorota Diakowska et al.

ADVANCES IN CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2019)

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Surrogates of immunologic cell death (ICD) and chemoradiotherapy outcomes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)

Panagiota Economopoulou et al.

ORAL ONCOLOGY (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Toll-like receptor 1 predicts favorable prognosis in pancreatic cancer

Mira Lanki et al.

PLOS ONE (2019)

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Editorial Material Cell Biology

TLR8 reprograms human Treg metabolism and function

Xia Liu et al.

AGING-US (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Latest Advances in Small Molecule TLR 7/8 Agonist Drug Research

David C. McGowan

CURRENT TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2019)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

TLR7 and TLR8 activate distinct pathways in monocytes during RNA virus infection

Marine de Marcken et al.

SCIENCE SIGNALING (2019)

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The TLR7/8 agonist R848 remodels tumor and host responses to promote survival in pancreatic cancer

Katherine A. Michaelis et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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The Role of TLRs in Anti-cancer Immunity and Tumor Rejection

Zuzanna Urban-Wojciuk et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

TLR8-Mediated Metabolic Control of Human Treg Function: A Mechanistic Target for Cancer Immunotherapy

Lingyun Xia et al.

CELL METABOLISM (2019)

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Characteristics and prognostic significance of profiling the peripheral blood T-cell receptor repertoire in patients with advanced lung cancer

Yang-Yang Liu et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Chronic TLR7 and TLR9 signaling drives anemia via differentiation of specialized hemophagocytes

Holly M. Akilesh et al.

SCIENCE (2019)

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Toll like receptor 7 expressed by malignant cells promotes tumor progression and metastasis through the recruitment of myeloid derived suppressor cells

Marion Dajon et al.

ONCOIMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Otorhinolaryngology

TLR5 and TLR7 are differentially expressed in human papillomavirus-positive and negative base of tongue squamous cell carcinoma, and TLR7 may have an independent prognostic influence

Linnea Haeggblom et al.

ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA (2019)

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Malignant Melanoma Treated with Topical Imiquimod: A Bespoke Treatment That Spared the Amputation

Emanuele Verga et al.

CASE REPORTS IN DERMATOLOGY (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

TLR8 ligation induces apoptosis of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Yushe Dang et al.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2018)

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Polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating novel TLR7/8 agonists as immunostimulatory adjuvants for enhanced cancer immunotherapy

Hyunjoon Kim et al.

BIOMATERIALS (2018)

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Next generation of immune checkpoint therapy in cancer: new developments and challenges

Julian A. Marin-Acevedo et al.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2018)

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Anti-HBV response to toll-like receptor 7 agonist GS-9620 is associated with intrahepatic aggregates of T cells and B cells

Li Li et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2018)

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Toll-like receptor 7 agonist GS-9620 induces prolonged inhibition of HBV via a type I interferon-dependent mechanism

Congrong Niu et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2018)

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Gastric cancer vaccines synthesized using a TLR7 agonist and their synergistic antitumor effects with 5-fluorouracil

Xiaodong Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2018)

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Antitumor Activity of TLR7 Is Potentiated by CD200R Antibody Leading to Changes in the Tumor Microenvironment

Zofia Pilch et al.

CANCER IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH (2018)

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Effect of Adding Motolimod to Standard Combination Chemotherapy and Cetuximab Treatment of Patients With Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck The Active8 Randomized Clinical Trial

Robert L. Ferris et al.

JAMA ONCOLOGY (2018)

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Dual functional roles of the MyD88 signaling in colorectal cancer development

Lu Wang et al.

BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY (2018)

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Toll-like receptors: Important immune checkpoints in the regression of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia 2

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER (2018)

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Targeting Toll-Like Receptors for Cancer Therapy

Marc J. Braunstein et al.

TARGETED ONCOLOGY (2018)

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The Role of Toll-Like Receptor in Inflammation and Tumor Immunity

Xiaohong Cen et al.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2018)

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Prognostic role of Toll lice receptors in cancer a meta-analysis

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THERAPEUTICS AND CLINICAL RISK MANAGEMENT (2018)

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Phase Ib Study of Immune Biomarker Modulation with Neoadjuvant Cetuximab and TLR8 Stimulation in Head and Neck Cancer to Overcome Suppressive Myeloid Signals

Gulidanna Shayan et al.

CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH (2018)

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Integrative Development of a TLR8 Agonist for Ovarian Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy

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CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH (2017)

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Phase Ib Trial of the Toll-like Receptor 8 Agonist, Motolimod (VTX-2337), Combined with Cetuximab in Patients with Recurrent or Metastatic SCCHN

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CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH (2017)

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Toll-like receptor stimulation in cancer: A pro- and anti-tumor double-edged sword

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IMMUNOBIOLOGY (2017)

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Predictive value of TLR7 polymorphism for cetuximab-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER (2017)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 expression correlates with the expression of immune biomarkers and positively predicts the clinical outcome of patients with melanoma

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ONCOTARGETS AND THERAPY (2017)

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Impaired expression and function of TLR8 in chronic HBV infection and its association with treatment responses during peg-IFN-α-2a antiviral therapy

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CLINICS AND RESEARCH IN HEPATOLOGY AND GASTROENTEROLOGY (2017)

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Tumor-associated macrophages, potential targets for cancer treatment

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BIOMARKER RESEARCH (2017)

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A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of chemo-immunotherapy combination using motolimod with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in recurrent or persistent ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group partners study

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ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY (2017)

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Oligodeoxynucleotide inhibition of Toll-like receptors 3, 7, 8, and 9 suppresses cytokine production in a human rheumatoid arthritis model

Sandra Sacre et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2016)

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Cancer-associated toll-like receptor modulation and insinuation in infection susceptibility: association or coincidence?

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ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY (2016)

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Associations of microbiota and toll-like receptor signaling pathway in esophageal adenocarcinoma

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BMC CANCER (2016)

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Lung tumor exosomes induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype in mesenchymal stem cells via NFκB-TLR signaling pathway

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JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2016)

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Topical imiquimod before intradermal trivalent influenza vaccine for protection against heterologous non-vaccine and antigenically drifted viruses: a single-centre, double-blind, randomised, controlled phase 2b/3 trial

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LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2016)

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Treatment of in-transit and metastatic melanoma in two patients treated with ipilimumab and topical imiquimod

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MELANOMA RESEARCH (2016)

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Decreased expression of TLR7 in gastric cancer tissues and the effects of TLR7 activation on gastric cancer cells

Jiong Jiang et al.

ONCOLOGY LETTERS (2016)

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Intravenous administration of the selective toll-like receptor 7 agonist DSR-29133 leads to anti-tumor efficacy in murine solid tumor models which can be potentiated by combination with fractionated radiotherapy

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ONCOTARGET (2016)

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Coordinated Activation of Toll-Like Receptor8 (TLR8) and NLRP3 by the TLR8 Agonist, VTX-2337, Ignites Tumoricidal Natural Killer Cell Activity

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PLOS ONE (2016)

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Topical resiquimod can induce disease regression and enhance T-cell effector functions in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

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BLOOD (2015)

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Late-Stage Cancer Patients Remain Highly Responsive to Immune Activation by the Selective TLR8 Agonist Motolimod (VTX-2337)

Gregory N. Dietsch et al.

CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH (2015)

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Distinct expression patterns of Toll-like receptor 7 in tumour cells and fibroblast-like cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Yan Hong Ni et al.

HISTOPATHOLOGY (2015)

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TLR7 and TLR8 expression increases tumor cell proliferation and promotes chemoresistance in human pancreatic cancer

Tanja Grimmig et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY (2015)

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Local administration of a novel Toll-like receptor 7 agonist in combination with doxorubicin induces durable tumouricidal effects in a murine model of T cell lymphoma

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JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2015)

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Sustained efficacy and seroconversion with the Toll-like receptor 7 agonist GS-9620 in the Woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B

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JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2015)

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Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist, R848, exhibits antitumoral effects in a breast cancer model

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MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS (2015)

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Resiquimod—a topical CTCL therapy

David Killock

Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology (2015)

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Conjugation of toll-like receptor-7 agonist to gastric cancer antigen MG7-Ag exerts antitumor effects

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WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2015)

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Editorial Material Oncology

Dual roles of TLR7 in the lung cancer microenvironment

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ONCOIMMUNOLOGY (2015)

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Preliminary study on the expression of Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 in bladder urothelial tumors

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UROLOGIA JOURNAL (2015)

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TLR7 Promotes Tumor Progression, Chemotherapy Resistance, and Poor Clinical Outcomes in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

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CLINICS IN LABORATORY MEDICINE (2014)

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Novel drugs targeting Toll-like receptors for antiviral therapy

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FUTURE VIROLOGY (2014)

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Toll-like receptor signaling in colorectal cancer: carcinogenesis to cancer therapy

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WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2014)

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Toll-like receptor signaling pathways

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FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2014)

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Shanjana Awasthi

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2014)

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Editorial Material Immunology

Beyonc MyD88 and TRIF pathways in Toll-like receptor signaling

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FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2014)

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Assembly and localization of Toll-like receptor signalling complexes

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NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2014)

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JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2013)

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Structural Reorganization of the Toll-Like Receptor 8 Dimer Induced by Agonistic Ligands

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SCIENCE (2013)

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Prolonged subcutaneous administration of 852A, a novel systemic toll-like receptor 7 agonist, to activate innate immune responses in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY (2012)

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Roles of toll-like receptors in Cancer: A double-edged sword for defense and offense

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ARCHIVES OF PHARMACAL RESEARCH (2012)

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VTX-2337 Is a Novel TLR8 Agonist That Activates NK Cells and Augments ADCC

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CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH (2012)

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Toll-like receptor 7 regulates pancreatic carcinogenesis in mice and humans

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JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2012)

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Accessory molecules for Toll-like receptors and their function

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NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2012)

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CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS (2011)

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Increased Toll-like receptor 9 expression indicates adverse prognosis in oesophageal adenocarcinoma

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HISTOPATHOLOGY (2011)

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Toll-like Receptors and Their Crosstalk with Other Innate Receptors in Infection and Immunity

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IMMUNITY (2011)

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Toll-Like Receptor 9 Is a Novel Biomarker for Esophageal Squamous Cell Dysplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression

Heikki Takala et al.

JOURNAL OF INNATE IMMUNITY (2011)

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Epithelial crosstalk at the microbiota-mucosal interface

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2011)

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Overexpression of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Ilyar Sheyhidin et al.

WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2011)

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Article Oncology

Toll-like receptor-7 agonist administered subcutaneously in a prolonged dosing schedule in heavily pretreated recurrent breast, ovarian, and cervix cancers

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CANCER IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNOTHERAPY (2010)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A five-amino-acid motif in the undefined region of the TLR8 ectodomain is required for species-specific ligand recognition

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MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2010)

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Intracerebral administration of CpG oligonucleotide for patients with recurrent glioblastoma: a phase II study

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NEURO-ONCOLOGY (2010)

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Toll-Like Receptors, Tissue Injury, and Tumourigenesis

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MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION (2010)

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Toll-like receptor expression in normal ovary and ovarian tumors

Mingfu Zhou et al.

CANCER IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNOTHERAPY (2009)

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Pathogen recognition receptors, cancer and inflammation in the gut

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CURRENT OPINION IN PHARMACOLOGY (2009)

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Up-regulated expression of Toll-like receptors mRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

A. Komatsuda et al.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY (2008)

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An exploratory study of systemic administration of the Toll-like receptor-7 agonist 852A in patients with refractory metastatic melanoma

Reinhard Dummer et al.

CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH (2008)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Synthetic agonists of Toll-like receptors 7, 8 and 9

S. Agrawal et al.

BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS (2007)

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Oligodeoxynucleotides differentially modulate activation of TLR7 and TLR8 by imidazoquinolines

Keith K. B. Gorden et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2006)

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Distinct indirect pathways govern human NK-cell activation by TLR-7 and TLR-8 agonists

Kevin S. Gorski et al.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY (2006)

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The Expression of toll-like receptors 3 and 7 in rheumatoid arthritis synovium is increased and costimulation of toll-like receptors 3, 4, and 7/8 results in synergistic cytokine production by dendritic cells

MF Roelofs et al.

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM (2005)

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TLR7/8-mediated activation of human NK cells results in accessory cell-dependent IFN-γ production

OM Hart et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2005)

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Differential capability for phagocytosis of apoptotic and necrotic leukemia cells by human peripheral blood dendritic cell subsets

J Dalgaard et al.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2005)

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Synthetic TLR Agonists reveal functional differences between human TLR7 and TLR8

KB Gorden et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2005)

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Letter Immunology

Human TLR7 or TLR8 independently confer responsiveness to the antiviral compound R-848

M Jurk et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2002)

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Quantitative expression of Toll-like receptor 1-10 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides

V Hornung et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2002)

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Targeting toll-like receptor 7/8 for immunotherapy: recent advances and prospectives

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