Unsteady Water-Based Ternary Hybrid Nanofluids on Wedges by Bioconvection and Wall Stretching Velocity: Thermal Analysis and Scrutinization of Small and Larger Magnitudes of the Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticles

The uniqueness of nanofluids in the field of thermal analysis and engineering is associated with their thermal conductivity and thermodynamics. The dynamics of water made up of (i) single-walled carbon nanotubes with larger magnitudes of thermal conductivity of different shapes (i.e., platelet, cylindrical, and spherical) and (ii) moderately small magnitudes of thermal conductivity (i.e., platelet magnesium oxide, cylindrical aluminum oxide, spherical silicon dioxide) were explored in order to address some scientific questions. In continuation of the exploration and usefulness of ternary hybrid nanofluid in hydrodynamics and geothermal systems, nothing is known on the comparative analysis between the two dynamics outlined above due to the bioconvection of static wedges and wedges with stretching at the wall. Reliable and valid numerical solutions of the governing equation that models the transport phenomena mentioned above are presented in this report. The heat transfer through the wall increased with the wall stretching velocity at a smaller rate of 0.52 and a higher rate of 0.59 when the larger and smaller thermal conductivity of nanoparticles were used, respectively. Larger or smaller magnitudes of the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles were used; the wall stretching velocity had no significant effects on the mass transfer rate but the distribution of the gyrotactic microorganism was strongly affected. Increasing the stretching at the wedge's wall in the same direction as the transport phenomenon is suitable for decreasing the distribution of temperature owing to the higher velocity of ternary hybrid nanofluids either parallel or perpendicular to the wedge.

Automated summary

The uniqueness of nanofluids lies in their thermal conductivity and thermodynamics in the field of thermal analysis and engineering. This study explores the dynamics of water with different shapes and magnitudes of thermal conductivity, as well as the application of ternary hybrid nanofluids in hydrodynamics and geothermal systems. The results provide insights into the heat and mass transfer rates, as well as the distribution of microorganisms in the presence of static and stretching wedges.