Journal
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
Volume 9, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.976044
Keywords
North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis); passive acoustic monitoring (PAM); distribution; range expansion; regime shift
Funding
- National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- Government of Canada's Marine Environmental Observation, Prediction and Response (MEOPAR) Network of Centers of Excellence
- Habitat Stewardship Program of Environment and Climate Change Canada
- Canadian Whale Institute
- DFO's Species at Risk Implementation Funds
- National Conservation Program
- Ocean Protection Plan's MEQ program
- Environmental Studies Research Fund
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This study used passive acoustic monitoring data to characterize the spatial and temporal variation in the distribution of North Atlantic right whales (NARW). The results show that the population mainly resides in temperate latitudinal ranges and the northward range shift is likely driven by energetic requirements to minimize the distance between foraging habitat and calving grounds.
Northward range shifts are increasingly being identified in mobile animals that are responding to climate change. Range shifts are consequential to animal ecology, ecosystem function, and conservation goals, yet for many species these cannot be characterised without means of synoptically measuring their distribution. The distribution of critically endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis; NARW) north of 45 degrees N has been largely unknown due to a lack of systematic monitoring. The objectives of this study were to characterize the spatial and temporal variation in NARW acoustic occurrence in the northern portion of their foraging range. In addition, we sought to identify relevant NARW migratory corridors and explore potential previously unidentified high-use habitats beyond the highly surveyed Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL). To achieve this, passive acoustic monitoring data were collected and analyzed from 67 moorings and 13 gliders deployed (across 38 recording stations) throughout the Atlantic Canadian continental shelf, between 42 degrees N and 58 degrees N during 2015 through 2017. The results support that while a portion of the population has moved northward into the GSL, this shift was constrained to temperate latitudinal ranges < 52 degrees N during the study period. NARWs were not detected in the Labrador Sea and Newfoundland Shelf, despite their preferred prey occurring in those areas. NARWs were present on the Scotian Shelf (45 degrees N) nearly year-round, but only from May through December in the Cabot Strait (50 degrees N). These results indicate that the northern range of the population is probably influenced by energetic requirements to minimize the distance between suitable foraging habitat and low latitude calving grounds, rather than an absence of suitable foraging conditions in high latitude waters, or other environmental or physiological factors. This work provides critical information to conserve the species and mitigate human-induced risks.
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