Obacunone targets macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) to impede osteoclastogenesis and alleviate ovariectomy-induced bone loss

Introduction: Osteoporosis is the most common bone disorder where the hyperactive osteoclasts repre-sent the leading role during the pathogenesis. Targeting hyperactive osteoclasts is currently the primary therapeutic strategy. However, concerns about the long-term efficacy and side effects of current frontline treatments persist. Alternative therapeutic agents are still needed.Objectives: Obacunone (OB) is a small molecule with a broad spectrum of biological activities, particu-larly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aims to examine OB's therapeutic potential on osteoporosis and explore the rudimentary mechanisms. Methods: Osteoclast formation and osteoclastic resorption assays were carried out to examine OB's inhi-bitory effects in vitro, followed by the in-vivo studies of OB's therapeutic effects on ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic preclinical model. To further study the underlying mechanisms, mRNA sequencing and anal-ysis were used to investigate the changes of downstream pathways. The molecular targets of OB were predicted, and in-silico docking analysis was performed. Ligand-target binding was verified by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay and Western Blotting assay.Results: The results indicated that OB suppressed the formation of osteoclast and its resorptive function in vitro. Mechanistically, OB interacts with macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) which attenu-ates receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF -KB) ligand (RANKL)-induced signaling pathways, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), NF -KB pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). These effects eventually caused the diminished expression level of the master transcriptional factor of osteoclastogenesis, nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), and its downstream osteoclast-specific proteins. Furthermore, our data revealed that OB alleviated estrogen deficiency -induced osteoporosis by targeting MIF and thus inhibiting hyperactive osteoclasts in vivo.Conclusion: These results together implicated that OB may represent as a therapeutic candidate for bone disorders caused by osteoclasts, such as osteoporosis (c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of Obacunone (OB) on osteoporosis and its rudimentary mechanisms. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that OB suppressed the formation and function of osteoclasts. Mechanistically, OB interacted with macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), attenuating receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-KB) ligand (RANKL)-induced signaling pathways. This led to a decrease in the expression level of the master transcriptional factor of osteoclastogenesis, nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), and its downstream osteoclast-specific proteins. OB also alleviated estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis by targeting MIF and inhibiting hyperactive osteoclasts.