The prognosis of bladder cancer is affected by fatty acid metabolism, inflammation, and hypoxia

BackgroundThe prognosis of bladder cancer (BC) is poor, and there is no effective personalized management method for BC patients at present. Developing an accurate model is helpful to make treatment plan and prognosis analysis for BC patients. Endogenous fatty acid metabolism causes cancer cells to become hypoxic, and the coexistence of hypoxia and inflammation is often characteristic of cancer. All three together influence the tumor immune microenvironment, treatment, and prognosis of BC. MethodsWe used The Cancer Genome Atlas-Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma (TCGA-BLAC) cohorts as a train group to build a risk model based on fatty acid metabolism, hypoxia and inflammation-related gene signatures and performed external validation with GSE13507, GSE31684, and GSE39281 cohorts. We validated the model to correlate with the clinicopathological characteristics of patients, created an accuracy nomogram, and explored the differences in immune microenvironment and enrichment pathways. ResultsWe found significant differences in overall survival and progression-free survival between high- and low-risk groups, and patients in the low-risk group had a better prognosis than those in the high-risk group. In the train group, the AUCs for predicting overall survival at 1, 3, and 5 years were 0.745, 0.712, and 0.729, respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival AUCs were 0.589, 0.672, and 0.666 in the external validation group, respectively. The risk score independently predicted the prognosis of BC patients with AUCs of 0.729. In addition, there was a significant correlation between risk scores and BC clinicopathological features and, in the GSE13507 cohort, we observed that BC progression and deeper invasion were associated with higher risk scores. Risk scores were highly correlated with coproptosis, pyroptosis, m7G, immune checkpoint-related genes, and immune microenvironment. In addition, we found that patients in the low-risk group responded better to immunotherapy, whereas patients in the high-risk group were more sensitive to commonly used chemotherapy drugs. ConclusionOur findings provide new treatment decisions for BC, and can effectively predict the prognosis of BC patients, which is helpful for the management of BC patients.

Automated summary

This study developed a risk model based on fatty acid metabolism, hypoxia, and inflammation-related genes, which can accurately predict the prognosis of bladder cancer patients and is associated with clinicopathological features. Patients in the low-risk group had a better prognosis and responded better to immunotherapy, while those in the high-risk group were more sensitive to commonly used chemotherapy drugs.