Journal
CELLS
Volume 11, Issue 23, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/cells11233712
Keywords
hypoxia-inducible factor; efferocytosis; bone marrow macrophages; inflammation
Categories
Funding
- NIH (National Cancer Institute, NCI)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIAMS [CA093900]
- United States Department of Defense [AR077539]
- [W81XWH-21-1-0122]
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This study reveals that the clearance of apoptotic cancer cells by bone marrow macrophages triggers a pro-inflammatory response through the p-STAT3/HIF-1 alpha/MIF signaling pathway, which promotes the growth of bone-metastatic prostate cancer cells.
The clearance of apoptotic cancer cells by macrophages, known as efferocytosis, fuels the bone-metastatic growth of prostate cancer cells via pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive processes. However, the exact molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, single-cell transcriptomics of bone marrow (BM) macrophages undergoing efferocytosis of apoptotic prostate cancer cells revealed a significant enrichment in their cellular response to hypoxia. Here, we show that BM macrophage efferocytosis increased hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1 alpha) and STAT3 phosphorylation (p-STAT3 at Tyr705) under normoxic conditions, while inhibitors of p-STAT3 reduced HIF-1 alpha. Efferocytosis promoted HIF-1 alpha stabilization, reduced its ubiquitination, and induced HIF-1 alpha and p-STAT3 nuclear translocation. HIF-1 alpha stabilization in efferocytic BM macrophages resulted in enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine MIF, whereas BM macrophages with inactive HIF-1 alpha reduced MIF expression upon efferocytosis. Stabilization of HIF-1 alpha using the HIF-prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor, Roxadustat, enhanced MIF expression in BM macrophages. Furthermore, BM macrophages treated with recombinant MIF protein activated NF-kappa B (p65) signaling and increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Altogether, these findings suggest that the clearance of apoptotic cancer cells by BM macrophages triggers p-STAT3/HIF-1 alpha/MIF signaling to promote further inflammation in the bone tumor microenvironment where a significant number of apoptotic cancer cells are present.
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