Arf-like Protein 2 (ARL2) Controls Microtubule Neogenesis during Early Postnatal Photoreceptor Development

Arf-like protein 2 (ARL2) is a ubiquitously expressed small GTPase with multiple functions. In a cell culture, ARL2 participates with tubulin cofactor D (TBCD) in the neogenesis of tubulin alpha beta-heterodimers, the building blocks of microtubules. To evaluate this function in the retina, we conditionally deleted ARL2 in mouse retina at two distinct stages, either during the embryonic development ((ret)Arl2(-/-)) or after ciliogenesis specifically in rods ((rod)Arl2(-/-)). (ret)Arl2(-/-) retina sections displayed distorted nuclear layers and a disrupted microtubule cytoskeleton (MTC) as early as postnatal day 6 (P6). Rod and cone outer segments (OS) did not form. By contrast, the rod ARL2 knockouts were stable at postnatal day 35 and revealed normal ERG responses. Cytoplasmic dynein is reduced in (ret)Arl2(-/-) inner segments (IS), suggesting that dynein may be unstable in the absence of a normal MTC. We investigated the microtubular stability in the absence of either ARL2 ((ret)ARL2(-/-)) or DYNC1H1 ((ret)Dync1h1(-/-)), the dynein heavy chain, and found that both the (ret)Arl2(-/-) and (ret)Dync1h1(-/-) retinas exhibited reduced microtubules and nuclear layer distortion. The results suggest that ARL2 and dynein depend on each other to generate a functional MTC during the early photoreceptor development.

Automated summary

ARL2 is involved in the neogenesis of tubulin alpha beta-heterodimers with TBCD, and its deletion leads to disrupted microtubule cytoskeleton and absence of outer segments in the retina. However, conditional deletion in rods reveals normal ERG responses. The results suggest a dependence between ARL2 and dynein in generating a functional microtubule cytoskeleton during early photoreceptor development.