Immunotherapy: Recent Advances and Its Future as a Neoadjuvant, Adjuvant, and Primary Treatment in Colorectal Cancer

Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer (CRC) has made great strides within the past decade. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a class of immunotherapy and have been shown to greatly improve patient outcomes in mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) CRC. Now, they are part of the standard of care for this subset of CRC. Because of this, there has been a growing interest in the efficacy and timing of immunotherapy for other subsets of CRC, including locally advanced, metastatic, and microsatellite stable (MSS). In this review, we aim to examine the three main classes of immunotherapy for CRC-immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), adoptive cell transfer therapy (ACT), and tumor vaccines-and discuss the most recent advances and future directions for each.

Automated summary

Immunotherapy has shown significant progress in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the past decade. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been particularly effective in improving patient outcomes in a specific subset of CRC. The efficacy and timing of immunotherapy for other subsets of CRC have gained attention, and this review discusses the latest advances and future directions for three main classes of immunotherapy for CRC: immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell transfer therapy, and tumor vaccines.