An Approach to Identify HLA Class II Immunogenic Epitopes in the Greek Population through Machine Learning Algorithms

Current pre-transplantation routine matching involves serum anti-HLA antibodies quantification but cannot always preclude unfavorable graft outcomes. Epitope-based matching is proposed as a more precise approach, but to date no epitope-matching algorithm provides a satisfactory predictive tool for transplantation outcomes. In this study, anti-HLA-II loci responses from 1748 patients were analyzed with unsupervised machine learning algorithms, namely principal component analysis (PCA) and antigenic distances, projected as dendrograms. PCA for anti-HLA-DR anti-bodies revealed three main clusters of responses: anti-HLA-DR51 combined with anti-HLA-DRB1*01, anti-HLA-DR52 combined with anti-HLA-DRB1*08 and anti-HLA-DR53 combined with anti-HLA-DRB1*10. The dendrogram for anti-HLA-DR confirmed the pattern and showed further bisection of each cluster. Common epitopes present exclusively in all HLA molecules of each cluster were determined following the HLA epitope registry. Thus, we propose that 19 out of 123 HLA-DR epitopes are those that mainly lead anti-HLA-DR responses in the studied population. Likewise, we identified 22 out of 83 epitopes responsible for anti-HLA-DQ and 13 out of 62 responsible for anti-HLA-DP responses. Interpretation of these results may elucidate mechanisms of interlocus cross-reactivity, providing an alternative way of estimating the significance of each epitope in a population and thus suggesting a novel strategy towards optimal donor selection.

Automated summary

Current pre-transplantation routine matching based on serum anti-HLA antibodies quantification is not always effective in predicting graft outcomes. In this study, machine learning algorithms were used to analyze anti-HLA-II loci responses and identify specific HLA epitopes associated with antibody responses. These findings provide insights into interlocus cross-reactivity and suggest a novel strategy for optimal donor selection.