High-throughput synthesis and phase transition characteristics controlling of VO2(M) nanoparticles via an orthogonal optimization route

Thermochromic behaviors of VO2(M) are affected significantly by the size purity, and crystallinity of the particles, and it needs a mass of experiments to adjust the factors suitably. Herein, an orthogonal array design (OAD) [L-9 (3(4))] was applied to select the optimum conditions for high-throughput preparation of VO2(M) nanoparticles with controllable morphology and size. The effects of fill ratio, reaction time, annealing time, and annealing temperature on the size of VO2(M) nanoparticles were evaluated by OAD. These results showed that the factors for the size arranged as follows: fill ratio > reaction time > annealing time > annealing temperature. The validation of optimized experimental parameters proved that pure VO2(M) nanoparticles with a diameter of similar to 60 nm were prepared in this work. Therefore, the high-throughput preparation of VO2(M) nanoparticles with small size was achieved via an optimized two-step hydrothermal synthesis method, which can support the large-scale applications of VO2(M) nanoparticles in smart windows and optical switches. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.

Automated summary

The thermochromic behaviors of VO2(M) nanoparticles are significantly influenced by the size purity and crystallinity of the particles. In this study, an orthogonal array design was used to optimize the preparation conditions and achieve high-throughput production of VO2(M) nanoparticles with controllable morphology and size. The experimental results revealed that the fill ratio, reaction time, annealing time, and annealing temperature all had an impact on the size of the nanoparticles, with the fill ratio being the most influential factor. The optimized parameters were validated, and pure VO2(M) nanoparticles with a diameter of approximately 60 nm were successfully prepared.