Long-term iron deficiency: Tracing changes in the proteome of different pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars

Iron deficiency (-Fe) is one of the major problems in crop production. Dicots, like pea (Pisum sativum L.), are Strategy I plants, which induce a group of specific enzymes such as Fe(lll)-chelate reductase (FRO), Fe responsive transporter (IRT) and H+-ATPase (HA) at the root plasma membrane under -Fe. Different species and cultivars have been shown to react diversely to -Fe. Furthermore, different kinds of experimental set-ups for -Fe have to be distinguished: i) short-term vs. long-term, ii) constant vs. acute alteration and iii) buffered vs. unbuffered systems. The presented work compares the effects of constant long-term -Fe in an unbuffered system on roots of four different pea cultivars in a timely manner (12, 19 and 25 days). To differentiate the effects of -Fe and plant development, control plants (+Fe) were analyzed in comparison to -Fe plants. Besides physiological measurements, an integrative study was conducted using a comprehensive proteome analysis. Proteins, related to stress adaptation (e.g. HSP), reactive oxygen species related proteins and proteins of the mitochondrial electron transport were identified to be changed in their abundance. Regulations and possible functions of identified proteins are discussed. Significance: Pea (Pisum sativum L) belongs to the legume family (Fabaceae) and is an important crop plant due to highFe, starch and protein contents. According to FAOSTAT data (September 2015), world production of the garden pea quadrupled from 1970 to 2012. Since the initial studies by Gregor Mendel, the garden pea became the most characterized legume and has been used in numerous investigations in plant biochemistry and physiology, but is not well represented in the omits-related fields. A major limitation in pea production is the Fe availability from soils. Adaption mechanisms to Fe deficiency vary between species, and even cultivars have been shown to react diversely. A label-free proteomic approach, in combination with physiological measurements, was chosen to observe four different pea cultivars for 5 to 25 days. Physiological and proteome data showed that cultivar Blauwscholcker and Vroege were more susceptible to Fe than cultivar Kelvedon (highly efficient) and GftR (semi-efficient). Proteomic data hint that the adaptation process to long-term Fe takes place between days 19 and 25. Results show that adaptation processes of efficient cultivars are able to postpone secondary negative effects of long-term Fe, possibly by stabilizing the protein metabolic processing and the mitochondrial electron transport components. This maintains the cellular energy proliferation, keeps ROS production low and postpones the mitochondrial cell death signal. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.