Geospatial Modeling of Health, Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Environmental Factors with COVID-19 Incidence Rate in Arkansas, US

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed numerous challenges to human society. Previous studies explored multiple factors in virus transmission. Yet, their impacts on COVID-19 are not universal and vary across geographical regions. In this study, we thoroughly quantified the spatiotemporal associations of 49 health, socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental factors with COVID-19 at the county level in Arkansas, US. To identify the associations, we applied the ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression, spatial lag model (SLM), spatial error model (SEM), and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model. To reveal how such associations change across different COVID-19 times, we conducted the analyses for each season (i.e., spring, summer, fall, and winter) from 2020 to 2021. We demonstrate that there are different driving factors along with different COVID-19 variants, and their magnitudes change spatiotemporally. However, our results identify that adult obesity has a positive association with the COVID-19 incidence rate over entire Arkansas, thus confirming that people with obesity are vulnerable to COVID-19. Humidity consistently negatively affects COVID-19 across all seasons, denoting that increasing humidity could reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection. In addition, diabetes shows roles in the spread of both early COVID-19 variants and Delta, while humidity plays roles in the spread of Delta and Omicron. Our study highlights the complexity of how multifactor affect COVID-19 in different seasons and counties in Arkansas. These findings are useful for informing local health planning (e.g., vaccine rollout, mask regulation, and testing/tracing) for the residents in Arkansas.

Automated summary

This study systematically evaluated the associations between 49 health, socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental factors and COVID-19 at the county level in Arkansas, US. The results showed a positive association between adult obesity and COVID-19 incidence rate, indicating that obese individuals are more vulnerable to COVID-19. Negative effects of humidity on COVID-19 were consistent across all seasons, suggesting that increasing humidity could reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, diabetes played a role in the spread of both early COVID-19 variants and the Delta variant, while humidity played a role in the spread of the Delta and Omicron variants.