☆ 4.8 Review

The mechanism of microglia-mediated immune inflammation in ischemic stroke and the role of natural botanical components in regulating microglia: A review

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The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress

Samuel C. Woodburn et al.

Summary: Microglia are increasingly recognized as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in neuroscience. Research has shifted focus from their classical immune functions in pathological contexts to neuro-immune interactions in the absence of disease, injury, or infection. Standard methods to study and define microglial phenotype and function are being developed to facilitate the development of microglia-directed therapeutics in psychiatric and neurological diseases.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Microglia and bradykinin cross talk in poststroke cognitive impairment in diabetes

Anja Baric et al.

Summary: Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability globally. Recent studies have shown evidence of diabetes involvement in producing a chronic neuroinflammatory state, affecting recovery of function and cognition after stroke.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Epilepsy

Randi von Wrede et al.

Summary: Anecdotal reports on successful CBD treatment for severe epilepsies have sparked public interest and academic research, leading to pharmaceutical-grade CBD approval for specific seizure conditions. However, the CBD market confusion and high patient expectations highlight the need for clear information on proven facts and risks.

CLINICAL DRUG INVESTIGATION (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Valery L. Feigin et al.

Summary: Regularly updated data on stroke including incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and trends are crucial for evidence-based care planning. The Global Burden of Diseases Study provides comprehensive measurement of these metrics. From 1990 to 2019, while age-standardized rates improved, the number of strokes and deaths increased. Low-income countries had the highest stroke-related mortality and DALY rates, with high body-mass index being the fastest-growing risk factor.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Review Developmental Biology

Microglia regulate synaptic development and plasticity

Megumi Andoh et al.

Summary: Synapses are fundamental structures that transmit information between neurons in neural circuits. Proper synaptic connections shape the basis of brain functions and animal behavior. Microglia play important roles in regulating synaptic function, and the underlying molecular mechanisms have been thoroughly studied.

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

The role of immune inflammation in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Zeyu Zhang et al.

Summary: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a severe disease caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, leading to a range of complications including cerebral vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and early brain injury. Immune inflammatory responses in the brain play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of aSAH and are important targets for therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes.

EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Huperzine A and Its Neuroprotective Molecular Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease

Maria Jesus Friedli et al.

Summary: The neuroprotective effects of HupA on AD were summarized, focusing on its interactions with different molecular signaling avenues such as Wnt signaling, synaptic region mechanisms, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) accumulation, and mitochondrial protection.

MOLECULES (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 as a messenger in the cross talk between obstructive sleep apnea and comorbid systemic hypertension, cardiac remodeling, and ischemic stroke: a literature review

Saif Mashaqi et al.

Summary: This study investigates the role of MMP-9 in OSA and cardiovascular diseases, emphasizing its importance as an inflammatory mediator in these conditions.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SLEEP MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Theaflavin Chemistry and Its Health Benefits

Zhiguo Shan et al.

Summary: TFs in black tea, particularly TF3, exhibit significant health benefits including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity, antiosteoporotic, and antimicrobial properties, which have a significant impact on human health. Studies have shown that TFs play a crucial role in modulating health effects through cellular and molecular mechanisms.

OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Cancer chemopreventive role of fisetin: Regulation of cell signaling pathways in different cancers

Ammad Ahmad Farooqi et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the regulatory effects of Fisetin in different cancers, including modulation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, inhibition of tumor cell metastasis, and promotion of autophagy. Fisetin has shown promising therapeutic effects in clinical trials.

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Glycyrrhizin as a Potential Treatment for the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)

Habeb Al-Kamel et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is an emerging zoonotic viral infection closely related to SARS-CoV, recognized as a global pandemic by WHO. Although three vaccines are approved or under consideration, specific treatment for the virus is not widely available. Saponin glycyrrhizin from licorice root is discussed as a potential natural therapeutic agent for COVID-19 infections.

MINI-REVIEWS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Snapshot of microglial physiological functions

Alexei Verkhratsky et al.

Summary: Microglia function as a crucial defensive mechanism in the nervous system, with their surveillance, regulation, and clearance of abnormal synapses playing key roles in normal brain development, maturation, and aging. Additionally, they are involved in regulating physiological functions such as sleep and circadian rhythm.

NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Stroke subtype-dependent synapse elimination by reactive gliosis in mice

Xiaojing Shi et al.

Summary: This study showed that inhibiting phagocytosis of microglia and astrocytes in ischemic stroke improved neurobehavioral outcomes, attenuated brain damage, and prevented synapse loss. In hemorrhagic stroke, inhibiting phagocytosis of microglia/macrophages but not astrocytes improved neurobehavioral outcomes. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed downregulation of phagocytosis-related processes in astrocytes of the hemorrhagic brain compared to the ischemic brain.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Review Immunology

Assessing Microglial Dynamics by Live Imaging

Megumi Andoh et al.

Summary: Microglia are highly dynamic cells in the brain, capable of migrating, proliferating, and phagocytosing throughout an individual's life. Real-time imaging is a valuable tool for studying their behavior, but they are sensitive to environmental stimuli and may change state during imaging. Various experimental conditions have been developed to overcome this challenge, allowing for live imaging in different settings based on research objectives.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Theaflavin-regulated Imd condensates control Drosophila intestinal homeostasis and aging

Qingshuang Cai et al.

Summary: Theaflavins have been shown to delay aging in Drosophila by preventing age-onset intestinal leakage and dysbiosis, while also playing a role in modulating intestinal integrity in mice through regulating Imd signals.

ISCIENCE (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Salidroside: A review of its recent advances in synthetic pathways and pharmacological properties

Xumin Zhang et al.

Summary: Salidroside, identified as a potent compound from Rhodiola plants, has various synthetic routes to address the contradiction between supply and demand, laying a foundation for new drug development. This promising drug shows diverse pharmacological properties, including cardiovascular, central nervous system activities, anti-fatigue, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Further research is needed to fully analyze its overall pharmacological aspects and provide references for its development and utilization.

CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Long Non-coding RNAs and Circular RNAs: Insights Into Microglia and Astrocyte Mediated Neurological Diseases

Miaomiao Chen et al.

Summary: This review highlights the roles of lncRNAs and circRNAs in neurological diseases, emphasizing their importance in the functional changes of microglia and astrocytes, neuronal damage, and inflammation processes.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Role of Bioactive Constituents of Panax notoginseng in the Modulation of Tumorigenesis: A Potential Review for the Treatment of Cancer

Ming-Ming Tan et al.

Summary: Cancer is a challenging disease with complex pathophysiological mechanisms. Many anti-cancer drugs have limited administration due to their toxicity, while drugs from natural products show potential in cancer treatment.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Effects of Puerarin on the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases

Yan-Xi Zhou et al.

Summary: Puerarin, derived from Pueraria lobata, is a pharmacologically active component widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This review systematically analyzes its preclinical investigations and clinical trials in CVD, discussing its potential molecular targets and therapeutic effects.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Efficacy of Ligustrazine Injection as Adjunctive Therapy in Treating Acute Cerebral Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Huikai Shao et al.

Summary: This study found that ligustrazine injection combined with Western medicine had better efficacy in treating ACI compared to using Western medicine alone, based on outcomes such as clinical effective rate, neurological deficit score, fibrinogen, low shear blood viscosity, and high shear blood viscosity.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Article Ophthalmology

Eupatilin attenuates TGF-β2-induced proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells

Ayca Kupeli Cinar et al.

Summary: Eupatilin effectively inhibits TGF-beta 2-induced proliferation and migration of RPE cells, as well as their transformation into fibroblast-like cells. It regulates cell cycle, induces apoptosis, downregulates mesenchymal markers, upregulates epithelial markers, and suppresses the expression of migration-related factors and MMPs, suggesting its potential therapeutic value in treating PVR.

CUTANEOUS AND OCULAR TOXICOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Treg cell-derived osteopontin promotes microglia-mediated white matter repair after ischemic stroke

Ligen Shi et al.

Summary: The study found that after experimental stroke, Treg cells infiltrate the brain in mice and promote white matter repair and functional recovery. Treg cells enhance microglial reparative activity, promoting oligodendrogenesis and white matter repair. Increasing Treg cell numbers can improve white matter integrity and rescue neurological functions in the long term.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Diagnosis and Management of Transient Ischemic Attack and Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Review

Scott J. Mendelson et al.

Summary: Stroke is a major cause of death and disability in the US, with TIA and AIS requiring different treatment approaches. Dual antiplatelet therapy can reduce stroke risk for high-risk TIA patients, while thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy improve outcomes for disabling AIS patients.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Sinomenine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases: Potential Therapeutic Effects and Pharmacological Evidences

Meng-Wan Zhang et al.

Summary: Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases are a major global health issue, and traditional Chinese medicine, specifically sinomenine, has shown promising pharmacological effects in treating these diseases, including attenuating atherosclerosis, suppressing inflammation, and preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sinomenine has the potential to be a valuable drug for the treatment of hypertension and arrhythmia due to its regulatory effects on vasodilation and electrophysiology.

FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Classical Active Ingredients and Extracts of Chinese Herbal Medicines: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Molecular Mechanisms for Ischemic Stroke

Ting Zhu et al.

Summary: Stroke is a major cause of death and disability globally, with ischemic stroke being the primary type. There is currently a lack of comprehensive and effective drugs for the treatment of ischemic stroke in clinical practice, but traditional Chinese medicine has unique advantages in this area. Research on the effects of TCM in treating ischemic stroke focuses on antioxidative stress, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and other effects.

OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Neuroprotective Phytochemicals in Experimental Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications

Hui Xu et al.

Summary: Ischemic stroke is a challenging disease with high mortality and disability rates, and phytochemicals have shown potential neuroprotective effects, making them valuable for neuroprotection mechanisms and potential clinical applications.

OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Antifibrotic effects of eupatilin on TGF-β1-treated human vocal fold fibroblasts

Sung Joon Park et al.

Summary: Eupatilin has been shown to effectively suppress TGF-beta 1-induced fibrotic changes in human vocal fold fibroblasts through the Smad and p38 signaling pathways. This suggests that eupatilin may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of vocal fold fibrosis. The study highlights the potential of eupatilin in inhibiting scar formation and promoting wound healing in the vocal fold tissue.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Effect of Panax notoginseng Saponins and Major Anti-Obesity Components on Weight Loss

Xuelian Zhang et al.

Summary: The increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide has led to limited options for effective and safe anti-obesity drugs. Notoginsenosides, derived from traditional Chinese medicine Panax notoginseng, show potential in treating obesity by reducing lipid synthesis and improving insulin sensitivity. Further research is still needed to fully understand the effects and mechanisms of notoginsenosides in combating obesity.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Immunomodulatory Effect of Microglia-Released Cytokines in Gliomas

Marika Lanza et al.

Summary: Microglia play a crucial role in the growth and invasion of brain tumors, particularly glioblastoma, through their plasticity and immune effector functions. They can be activated in response to pathological conditions and contribute significantly to the tumor microenvironment. Understanding the interaction between microglia and gliomas may lead to the development of novel immune-based therapies for these fatal tumors.

BRAIN SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Ischemic Stroke

Steven K. Feske

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Integrative & Complementary Medicine

The Therapeutic Potential of Wogonin Observed in Preclinical Studies

Javad Sharifi-Rad et al.

Summary: Wogonin, a flavonoid found in plants like Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, and antineurodegenerative properties. Research on wogonin's efficacy against various types of cancer, oxidative stress, bioavailability, and potential for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's is promising for future clinical studies and therapeutic applications.

EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Integrative & Complementary Medicine

Genetic Toxicology and Safety Pharmacological Evaluation of Forsythin

Zhong Han et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the genetic toxicity of forsythin and its safety for human use. Results showed forsythin had no cytotoxicity on cells and no significant toxicological effects on conscious beagle dogs.

EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Diverse functions and mechanisms of regulatory T cell in ischemic stroke

Yejun Wu et al.

Summary: Tregs play a key role in regulating immune responses and inflammation in ischemic stroke. However, there are still controversies and unresolved issues regarding their functions and mechanisms in this condition. Despite this, increasing attention has been focused on Tregs as a potential therapeutic target in ischemic stroke.

EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Neuroprotective effect of herniarin following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Samira Asgharzade et al.

Summary: Herniarin administration showed beneficial effects against ischemic stroke in rats, partly through inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation.

METABOLIC BRAIN DISEASE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Sesamin and sesamolin rescues Caenorhabditis elegans from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection through the attenuation of quorum sensing regulated virulence factors

V. T. Anju et al.

Summary: The study discussed the anti-quorum sensing and antibiofilm properties of lignans found in sesame seeds against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, providing insights into the development of novel anti-infectives against this pathogen. The lignans showed effects on virulence factor production, biofilm formation, and bacterial motility, with potential therapeutic opportunities for human use. The mechanism of action of lignans included down-regulation of QS regulated gene expression, affecting biofilm constituents, and exerting an anti-infective property in vitro and in vivo models.

MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Biological Activities of Paeonol in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review

Shalini Vellasamy et al.

Summary: Paeonol is a naturally occurring bioactive compound found in the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa, traditionally used in Chinese medicine for the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases. Research has shown that paeonol can improve inflammation and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases, potentially serving as an alternative treatment for atherosclerosis.

MOLECULES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Targeting neuroinflammation to treat cerebral ischemia-The role of TIGAR/NADPH axis

Qi-Qi Li et al.

Summary: Cerebral ischemia is a disease caused by intracranial artery stenosis or occlusion, leading to ischemic necrosis of brain tissue, where neuroinflammation plays a key role.

NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Effects and Mechanisms of Resveratrol on Aging and Age-Related Diseases

Dan-Dan Zhou et al.

Summary: Resveratrol, found in many foods, possesses various beneficial bioactivities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, and can effectively prevent and treat aging and age-related diseases. Its mechanisms of action include ameliorating oxidative stress, relieving inflammatory reactions, and improving mitochondrial function.

OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Resveratrol and endothelial function: A literature review

Negin Parsamanesh et al.

Summary: Resveratrol (RSV), a naturally occurring bioactive polyphenol found in grapes and red wine, modulates various events involved in endothelial dysfunction through multiple molecular targets, displaying endothelial protective effects.

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Plant Sciences

Paeoniflorin: A neuroprotective monoterpenoid glycoside with promising anti-depressive properties

Xiao-Le Wang et al.

Summary: This review summarized the pre-clinical studies of paeoniflorin in treating depression and discussed its potential anti-depressive mechanisms, such as upregulation of neurotransmitters, neuroprotection, hippocampus neurogenesis, and inhibition of inflammatory reaction. While highlighting its effective properties in treating depression, more high-quality pre-clinical and clinical studies are needed for further exploration of its clinical application.

PHYTOMEDICINE (2021)

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Review Plant Sciences

Honokiol: A review of its pharmacological potential and therapeutic insights

Abdur Rauf et al.

Summary: Honokiol, a pleiotropic compound isolated from Magnolia species, has shown a wide range of pharmacological potential and biological activities, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of various diseases. Its mechanisms of action include apoptosis, inhibition of oxidative stress, and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, among others. Further studies are needed to establish its pharmacokinetics in humans.

PHYTOMEDICINE (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Quercetin and metabolic syndrome: A review

Azar Hosseini et al.

Summary: Quercetin, as an important flavonoid, has potential effects in improving symptoms of metabolic syndrome, but further research and clinical trials are needed to determine its true clinical value.

PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Plant Sciences

The role of quercetin in plants

Priyanka Singh et al.

Summary: Flavonoids are a special category of hydroxylated phenolic compounds with an aromatic ring structure, and quercetin is a subclass known for its bioactive properties in promoting plant physiological processes and antioxidant functions. Quercetin plays a crucial role in enhancing various physiological and biochemical processes in plants under stress and non-stress conditions, while also showing potential in mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses such as salt, heavy metal, and UV stress. Additionally, the biosynthesis of flavonoids, their signaling pathways, and quercetin's involvement in plant signaling are discussed in this review.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Icariin, an Up-and-Coming Bioactive Compound Against Neurological Diseases: Network Pharmacology-Based Study and Literature Review

Shuangqiu Wang et al.

Summary: This review explores the molecular mechanisms of icariin in treating neurologic disorders, including its historical use, active components, molecular targets, and predicted therapeutic actions. The findings may guide future studies on the application of icariin in treating neurologic disorders.

DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY (2021)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Chrysin: Perspectives on Contemporary Status and Future Possibilities as Pro-Health Agent

Monika Stompor-Goracy et al.

Summary: Chrysin is a natural polyphenol compound found in honey, propolis, and fruits, with various health benefits. However, its low bioavailability has led to efforts to increase its absorption and therapeutic efficacy through functionalization.

NUTRIENTS (2021)

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Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

The Role of Microglia in Perioperative Neuroinflammation and Neurocognitive Disorders

Sarah Saxena et al.

Summary: Peripheral surgery-induced aseptic trauma triggers systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation involving microglia, which play a critical role in the response. Researchers are investigating various strategies to prevent adverse reactions caused by microglia during the perioperative period.

FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Review Immunology

T Cell Response in Ischemic Stroke: From Mechanisms to Translational Insights

Dianhui Zhang et al.

Summary: This review discusses the role of T cells in ischemic stroke, including mediators of recruitment, temporal course of infiltration, and mechanisms behind deleterious and beneficial effects. Research indicates conflicting roles of T cells in post-stroke inflammation and as potential therapeutic targets.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Potential Implications of Quercetin in Autoimmune Diseases

Pan Shen et al.

Summary: Autoimmune diseases are a global health problem characterized by immune system breakdown and dysregulation. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid found in fruits, herbs, and vegetables, has beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and neuroprotection. Studies have indicated that quercetin may have potential preventive and therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Immune Cells in the BBB Disruption After Acute Ischemic Stroke: Targets for Immune Therapy?

Yan-mei Qiu et al.

Summary: Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) disruption is a crucial pathophysiological process in acute ischemic stroke, where the rapid activation of immune cells plays a critical role. Infiltrating immune cells increase BBB permeability, causing microvascular disorder, but also promote BBB repair and angiogenesis. Understanding the inflammatory mechanisms behind BBB disruption can lead to the development of more effective therapeutics for acute ischemic stroke.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

NF-κB: At the Borders of Autoimmunity and Inflammation

Laura Barnabei et al.

Summary: NF-kappa B transcription factor plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of innate and adaptive immune functions, serving as a key mediator of immune homeostasis. It is involved in central and peripheral tolerance, as well as the inactivation and destruction of autoreactive immune cells, contributing to immune tolerance. Furthermore, NF-kappa B plays a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and has informed new therapeutic approaches for treating these conditions.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Immune Response in Neurological Pathology: Emerging Role of Central and Peripheral Immune Crosstalk

Austin P. Passaro et al.

Summary: Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in neurological disorders, with recent recognition of the importance of interactions between central and peripheral immune cells. Traditional approaches often separate these systems, but there is significant crosstalk between central and peripheral immune cells in the context of neurological disorders. Targeting these interactions may offer a potential improved therapeutic strategy for addressing failures in clinical translation.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Brain Immune Interactions-Novel Emerging Options to Treat Acute Ischemic Brain Injury

Sajjad Muhammad et al.

Summary: Ischemic stroke remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity globally with limited clinical treatment options. Brain-immune interactions play a critical role after stroke, with evidence showing the influence of brain-derived antigens, DAMPs, cytokines, and immune cell infiltration in the CNS. Potential pharmacological targets and future research directions are discussed in the context of stemness-induced cellular immunity in ischemic implications.

CELLS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling: An important molecular mechanism of herbal medicine in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress

Qing Zhang et al.

Summary: This study summarized natural compounds that exert protective effects against oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), including phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. These compounds alleviate EC apoptosis by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, showing potential for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Kaempferol Ameliorates Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Neuronal Ferroptosis by Activating Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 Axis

Yuan Yuan et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion induces ferroptosis in neurons, and kaempferol protects neurons from ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway, reducing lipid peroxidation accumulation.

BIOMOLECULES (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Benefits of Ginger and Its Constituent 6-Shogaol in Inhibiting Inflammatory Processes

Iris Bischoff-Kont et al.

Summary: Ginger is widely used as a medicinal plant, particularly for preventing nausea and vomiting in motion sickness, with additional anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties. 6-Shogaol, derived from ginger, is a key bioactive compound with reactive properties, showing potential as an anti-inflammatory substance.

PHARMACEUTICALS (2021)

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Review Oncology

Is 6-Shogaol an Effective Phytochemical for Patients With Lower-risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome? A Narrative Review

Soo Liang Ooi et al.

Summary: Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) develops due to genomic instability and inflammatory response causing cell damage and fibrosis. Management of MDS focuses on improving cytopenias, delaying disease progression, and enhancing quality of life. High serum ferritin levels and iron overload are associated with increased risk of progression to acute leukemia, while 6-shogaol may offer benefits to MDS patients.

INTEGRATIVE CANCER THERAPIES (2021)

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Review Integrative & Complementary Medicine

Breviscapine: A Review on its Phytochemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Effects

Luan Wen et al.

Summary: Breviscapine is an extract of several flavonoids, with scutellarin as the main active component, showing a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Scutellarin and its analogs hold significant value in drug research and development.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

Acute Stroke Management: Overview and Recent Updates

Mary Hollist et al.

Summary: Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, and recent advancements in acute ischemic stroke management have been significant. By utilizing multimodal CT and MRI, as well as individualizing treatment, the impact of stroke can be reduced and the likelihood of functional independence increased.

AGING AND DISEASE (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Ginseng for erectile dysfunction

H. W. Lee et al.

Summary: The study on the effects of ginseng on erectile dysfunction found that ginseng has trivial effects on erectile function and satisfaction with intercourse, with slight improvement in self-reported ability to have intercourse but little impact on adverse events. The comparison with other agents for treating erectile dysfunction, such as phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, was not addressed in this study.

COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Microglial activation and adult neurogenesis after brain stroke

Ijair R. C. dos Santos et al.

Summary: The discovery of new neurons being produced in certain regions of the adult mammalian brain is a paradigm shift in neuroscience research. This phenomenon involves complex regulation by various molecules and neurotransmitters, with microglia playing a crucial role in modulating adult neurogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions. Understanding the role of microglial activation in adult neurogenesis following stroke and other neural disorders is crucial for the development of future therapies.

NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Paeonol Derivatives and Pharmacological Activities: A Review of Recent Progress

Jilei Wang et al.

MINI-REVIEWS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Eupatilin regulates proliferation and cell cycle of cervical cancer by regulating hedgehog signalling pathway

Zhao Wu et al.

CELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTION (2020)

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Review Neurosciences

Potential microglia-based interventions for stroke

Ling-Zhi Li et al.

CNS NEUROSCIENCE & THERAPEUTICS (2020)

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Review Neurosciences

miRNA dysregulation in ischaemic stroke: Focus on diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic and protective biomarkers

Kanika Vasudeva et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Quercetin, Epigallocatechin Gallate, Curcumin, and Resveratrol: From Dietary Sources to Human MicroRNA Modulation

Erika Cione et al.

MOLECULES (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects of paeoniflorin and total glucosides of paeony

Lingling Zhang et al.

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Z-ligustilide: A review of its pharmacokinetics and pharmacology

Qingxuan Xie et al.

PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Cycloastragenol upregulates SIRT1 expression, attenuates apoptosis and suppresses neuroinflammation after brain ischemia

Man Li et al.

ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA (2020)

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Review Immunology

Glial Cells: Role of the Immune Response in Ischemic Stroke

Shenbin Xu et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Immune responses to stroke: mechanisms, modulation, and therapeutic potential

Costantino Iadecolar et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Article Immunology

Astragaloside IV inhibits astrocyte senescence: implication in Parkinson's disease

Mei-Ling Xia et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2020)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Analgesic Mechanism of Sinomenine against Chronic Pain

Wei Jiang et al.

PAIN RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Nose to brain drug delivery - A promising strategy for active components from herbal medicine for treating cerebral ischemia reperfusion

Yu Long et al.

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke: Role of Oxidative Stress

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Vesicular Transport of Encapsulated microRNA between Glial and Neuronal Cells

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(-)-Epicatechin and the comorbidities of obesity

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Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in Ischemic Stroke: Focus on Cardioembolic Stroke, Background, and Therapeutic Approaches

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Anti-Angiogenic Properties of Ginsenoside Rg3

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A novel compound DBZ ameliorates neuroinflammation in LPS-stimulated microglia and ischemic stroke rats: Role of Akt(Ser473)/GSK3β (Ser9)-mediated Nrf2 activation

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Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes

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Chemical constituents of Panax ginseng and Panax notoginseng explain why they differ in therapeutic efficacy

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Potential therapeutic and pharmacological effects of Wogonin: an updated review

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Characterization of astrocytes and microglial cells in the hippocampal CA1 region after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats treated with Ilexonin A

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Salvianolic Acids: Potential Source of Natural Drugs for the Treatment of Fibrosis Disease and Cancer

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Dual Functions of Microglia in Ischemic Stroke

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Can Wogonin be Used in Controlling Diabetic Cardiomyopathy?

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Neuroinflammation: friend and foe for ischemic stroke

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Global brain inflammation in stroke

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Kaempferol: A Key Emphasis to Its Anticancer Potential

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tPA Helpers in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke: Are They Ready for Clinical Use?

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HMGB1-triggered inflammation inhibition of notoginseng leaf triterpenes against cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury via MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways

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NK cells in cerebral ischemia

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Molecular pharmacology of inflammation: Medicinal plants as anti-inflammatory agents

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Tea Polyphenols in Promotion of Human Health

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Overview of the anti-inflammatory effects, pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacies of arctigenin and arctiin from Arctium lappa L

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Hyperforin protects against acute cerebral ischemic injury through inhibition of interleukin-17A-mediated microglial activation

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Biotechnological production of hyperforin for pharmaceutical formulation

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Evaluation of regulatory T lymphocytes and IL2Ra and FOXP3 gene expression in peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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Celastrol treatment protects against acute ischemic stroke-induced brain injury by promoting an IL-33/ST2 axis-mediated microglia/macrophage M2 polarization

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Salidroside provides neuroprotection by modulating microglial polarization after cerebral ischemia

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A Systematic Review on the Sinomenine Derivatives

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Artesunate suppresses oxidative and inflammatory processes by activating Nrf2 and ROS-dependent p38 MAPK and protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

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Targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 for oxidative stress and neuroinflammation: Opportunities, challenges and future directions for cerebral stroke management

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Safety and Toxicology of Magnolol and Honokiol

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Paeoniflorin exerts neuroprotective effects by modulating the M1/M2 subset polarization of microglia/macrophages in the hippocampal CA1 region of vascular dementia rats via cannabinoid receptor 2

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A Review on Central Nervous System Effects of Gastrodin

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Molecular mechanisms of the action of Arctigenin in cancer

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Honokiol: An anticancer lignan

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L-3-n-Butylphthalide reduces ischemic stroke injury and increases M2 microglial polarization

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Chrysin: Sources, beneficial pharmacological activities, and molecular mechanism of action

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Non-Coding RNA in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets

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Combined Therapy of Hypertensive Nephropathy with Breviscapine Injection and Antihypertensive Drugs: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis

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Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 3 (S1P3) contributes to brain injury after transient focal cerebral ischemia via modulating microglial activation and their M1 polarization

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Brain-gut axis after stroke

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Potent suppression of both spontaneous and carcinogen-induced colitis-associated colorectal cancer in mice by dietary celastrol supplementation

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Interplay between innate immunity and Alzheimer disease: APOE and TREM2 in the spotlight

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Anti-ageing active ingredients from herbs and nutraceuticals used in traditional Chinese medicine: pharmacological mechanisms and implications for drug discovery

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Artesunate Protected Blood-Brain Barrier via Sphingosine 1 Phosphate Receptor 1/Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase Pathway After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats

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Microglia and Monocytes/Macrophages Polarization Reveal Novel Therapeutic Mechanism against Stroke

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Polarization of microglia and its role in bacterial sepsis

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Fingolimod suppresses neuronal autophagy through the mTOR/p70S6K pathway and alleviates ischemic brain damage in mice

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Cannabidiol reduces neuroinflammation and promotes neuroplasticity and functional recovery after brain ischemia

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Fingolimod Protects Against Ischemic White Matter Damage by Modulating Microglia Toward M2 Polarization via STAT3 Pathway

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Circulating long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and incidence of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

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Celastrol induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via targeting ER-stress/UPR

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Neuroprotective Effects of Cerebral Ischemic Postconditioning

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Green Tea Extracts Epigallocatechin-3-gallate for Different Treatments

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Promoting Neurovascular Recovery in Aged Mice after Ischemic Stroke - Prophylactic Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

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The impact of interferon-regulatory factors to macrophage differentiation and polarization into M1 and M2

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Eupatilin exerts neuroprotective effects in mice with transient focal cerebral ischemia by reducing microglial activation

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Natural product celastrol suppressed macrophage M1 polarization against inflammation in diet-induced obese mice via regulating Nrf2/HO-1, MAP kinase and NF-κB pathways

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Regulation of microglial activation in stroke

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Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of Triptolide via the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in a Rat MCAO Model

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Microglial M1/M2 polarization and metabolic states

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Paeoniflorin suppresses TGF-β mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pulmonary fibrosis through a Smad-dependent pathway

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Probucol inhibits LPS-induced microglia activation and ameliorates brain ischemic injury in normal and hyperlipidemic mice

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Inflammatory Disequilibrium in Stroke

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Dynamics of T cell responses after stroke

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Ilexonin A Promotes Neuronal Proliferation and Regeneration via Activation of the Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway after Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats

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mTORC1 pathway disruption ameliorates brain inflammation following stroke via a shift in microglia phenotype from M1 type to M2 type

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The neuroprotection of Sinomenine against ischemic stroke in mice by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome via AMPK signaling

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Fractalkine attenuates excito-neurotoxicity via microglial clearance of damaged neurons and antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 expression (vol 286, pg 2308, 2011)

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UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016

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Deficiency in the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 increases M2 polarization of microglia and attenuates brain damage from photothrombotic ischemic stroke

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Mobilization of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells by DL-3-n-Butylphthalide in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients

Hongru Zhao et al.

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Neuroprotective effects of Ilexonin A following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats

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Malibatol A enhances alternative activation of microglia by inhibiting phosphorylation of Mammalian Ste20-like kinase1 in OGD-BV-2 cells

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Crosstalk between microglia and T cells contributes to brain damage and recovery after ischemic stroke

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A Post-stroke Therapeutic Regimen with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids that Promotes White Matter Integrity and Beneficial Microglial Responses after Cerebral Ischemia

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The Potential Therapeutic Effects of Artesunate on Stroke and Other Central Nervous System Diseases

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A Review of Recent Advances in Neuroprotective Potential of 3-N-Butylphthalide and Its Derivatives

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Mobilization of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells by DL-3-n-Butylphthalide in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients

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Intravenous Treatment with a Long-Chain Omega-3 Lipid Emulsion Provides Neuroprotection in a Murine Model of Ischemic Stroke - A Pilot Study

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PLOS ONE (2016)

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Ischemia, Immunosuppression and Infection-Tackling the Predicaments of Post-Stroke Complications

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Celastrol, a Chinese herbal compound, controls autoimmune inflammation by altering the balance of pathogenic and regulatory T cells in the target organ

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Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke

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Artesunate alleviates hepatic fibrosis induced by multiple pathogenic factors and inflammation through the inhibition of LPS/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in rats

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Scutellarin regulates the Notch pathway and affects the migration and morphological transformation of activated microglia in experimentally induced cerebral ischemia in rats and in activated BV-2 microglia

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Malibatol A regulates microglia M1/M2 polarization in experimental stroke in a PPARγ-dependent manner

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Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2) Deficiency Attenuates Phagocytic Activities of Microglia and Exacerbates Ischemic Damage in Experimental Stroke

Masahito Kawabori et al.

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Neuronal Interleukin-4 as a Modulator of Microglial Pathways and Ischemic Brain Damage

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Neuroprotective effects of salidroside on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury involve the nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway

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Ligustrazine monomer against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

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Malibatol A protects against brain injury through reversing mitochondrial dysfunction in experimental stroke

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Kaempferol and inflammation: From chemistry to medicine

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Enhancement of the oral bioavailability of breviscapine by nanoemulsions drug delivery system

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Activated microglia in ischemic stroke penumbra upregulate MCP-1 and CCR2 expression in response to lysophosphatidylcholine derived from adjacent neurons and astrocytes

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Neuroprotective Effect of 6-Paradol in Focal Cerebral Ischemia Involves the Attenuation of Neuroinflammatory Responses in Activated Microglia

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A semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin, artesunate inhibits prostaglandin E2 production in LPS/IFNγ-activated BV2 microglia

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Anti-inflammatory effects of Edaravone and Scutellarin in activated microglia in experimentally induced ischemia injury in rats and in BV-2 microglia

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BMC NEUROSCIENCE (2014)

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The Effect of Butylphthalide on the Brain Edema, Blood-Brain Barrier of Rats After Focal Cerebral Infarction and the Expression of Rho A

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Circulating soluble RAGE increase after a cerebrovascular event

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Ligustilide ameliorates neuroinflammation and brain injury in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats: involvement of inhibition of TLR4/peroxiredoxin 6 signaling

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P2X4 Receptors Control the Fate and Survival of Activated Microglia

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Chrysin Protects against Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice through Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

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Hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke in animals and humans

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The impact of single and pairwise Toll-like receptor activation on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration

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Omega-3 Fatty Acids Protect the Brain against Ischemic Injury by Activating Nrf2 and Upregulating Heme Oxygenase 1

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Using caffeine and other adenosine receptor antagonists and agonists as therapeutic tools against neurodegenerative diseases: A review

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Microglial phagocytosis of live neurons

Guy C. Brown et al.

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3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-Heptamethoxyflavone, a citrus flavonoid, on protection against memory impairment and neuronal cell death in a global cerebral ischemia mouse model

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Sesamin attenuates neurotoxicity in mouse model of ischemic brain stroke

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Puerarin: A Review of Pharmacological Effects

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Artemisinins: Pharmacological actions beyond anti-malarial

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Neurobiology of microglial action in CNS injuries: Receptor-mediated signaling mechanisms and functional roles

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Molecular dialogs between the ischemic brain and the peripheral immune system: Dualistic roles in injury and repair

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Inhibitory Effects of Isoquinoline Alkaloid Berberine on Ischemia-Induced Apoptosis via Activation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathway

Mia Kim et al.

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ER stress-mediated regulation of immune function under glucose-deprived condition in glial cells: Up- and down-regulation of PGE2 + IFNγ-induced IL-6 and iNOS expressions

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Regulatory T cells are strong promoters of acute ischemic stroke in mice by inducing dysfunction of the cerebral microvasculature

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Regulatory T Cell in Stroke: A New Paradigm for Immune Regulation

Sheng Chen et al.

CLINICAL & DEVELOPMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY (2013)

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Oral administration of the flavanol (-)-epicatechin bolsters endogenous protection against focal ischemia through the Nrf2 cytoprotective pathway

Christopher C. Leonardo et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2013)

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Tetramethylpyrazine reduces cellular inflammatory response following permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Tsung-Kuei Kao et al.

EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY (2013)

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Development and homeostasis of resident myeloid cells: The case of the microglia

Elisa Gomez Perdiguero et al.

GLIA (2013)

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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Total Isoflavones from Pueraria lobata on Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

Dong Wook Lim et al.

MOLECULES (2013)

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Metabolism of inflammation limited by AMPK and pseudo-starvation

Luke A. J. O'Neill et al.

NATURE (2013)

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Review: Microglia of the aged brain: primed to be activated and resistant to regulation

D. M. Norden et al.

NEUROPATHOLOGY AND APPLIED NEUROBIOLOGY (2013)

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Honokiol inhibits the inflammatory reaction during cerebral ischemia reperfusion by suppressing NF-κB activation and cytokine production of glial cells

Peng Zhang et al.

NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS (2013)

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Neuroprotective Effect of Kaempferol Glycosides against Brain Injury and Neuroinflammation by Inhibiting the Activation of NF-κB and STAT3 in Transient Focal Stroke

Lu Yu et al.

PLOS ONE (2013)

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Anti-Wrinkle and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Active Garlic Components and the Inhibition of MMPs via NF-kB Signaling

So Ra Kim et al.

PLOS ONE (2013)

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Microglial P2Y12 Deficiency/Inhibition Protects against Brain Ischemia

Corey M. Webster et al.

PLOS ONE (2013)

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Propofol Protects Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia via Inhibition of Microglia-Mediated Proinflammatory Cytokines in a Rat Model of Experimental Stroke

Rong Zhou et al.

PLOS ONE (2013)

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Phagocytosis executes delayed neuronal death after focal brain ischemia

Jonas J. Neher et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2013)

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Fingolimod Reduces Hemorrhagic Transformation Associated With Delayed Tissue Plasminogen Activator Treatment in a Mouse Thromboembolic Model

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STROKE (2013)

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FTY720 Ameliorates Acute Ischemic Stroke in Mice by Reducing Thrombo-Inflammation but Not by Direct Neuroprotection

Peter Kraft et al.

STROKE (2013)

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ER stress upregulated PGE2/IFNγ-induced IL-6 expression and down-regulated iNOS expression in glial cells

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SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2013)

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Arctigenin Protects Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Rats through Inhibiting Neuroinflammation

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BIOLOGICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN (2012)

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Mechanistic Insights into the Antileukemic Activity of Hyperforin

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CURRENT CANCER DRUG TARGETS (2012)

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The flavonoid fisetin attenuates postischemic immune cell infiltration, activation and infarct size after transient cerebral middle artery occlusion in mice

Mathias Gelderblom et al.

JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM (2012)

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Innate immunity in the central nervous system

Richard M. Ransohoff et al.

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SOCS3 Deficiency Promotes M1 Macrophage Polarization and Inflammation

Hongwei Qin et al.

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Peroxiredoxin sets the brain on fire after stroke

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NATURE MEDICINE (2012)

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The voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 enhances brain damage from ischemic stroke

Long-Jun Wu et al.

NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (2012)

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6-Shogaol, a ginger product, modulates neuroinflammation: A new approach to neuroprotection

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NEUROPHARMACOLOGY (2012)

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SUPPRESSION OF LOCAL INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GINSENOSIDE Rb1 IN RATS WITH CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA

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NEUROSCIENCE (2012)

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Modulation of microglial activation enhances neuroprotection and functional recovery derived from bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation after cortical ischemia

Edna C. S. Franco et al.

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Microglia activation triggers astrocyte-mediated modulation of excitatory neurotransmission

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2012)

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Microglia/Macrophage Polarization Dynamics Reveal Novel Mechanism of Injury Expansion After Focal Cerebral Ischemia

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STROKE (2012)

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Artemether and Artesunate Show the Highest Efficacies in Rescuing Mice with Late-Stage Cerebral Malaria and Rapidly Decrease Leukocyte Accumulation in the Brain

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Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): Mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications

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Neuroprotective effect of forsythiaside against transient cerebral global ischemia in gerbil

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Crosstalk between the canonical NF-κB and Notch signaling pathways inhibits Pparγ expression and promotes pancreatic cancer progression in mice

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Nitric oxide and redox mechanisms in the immune response

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Temporal pattern of expression and colocalization of microglia/macrophage phenotype markers following brain ischemic injury in mice

Carlo Perego et al.

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A Review on the Dietary Flavonoid Kaempferol

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MINI-REVIEWS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2011)

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The immunology of stroke: from mechanisms to translation

Costantino Iadecola et al.

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Infiltrating monocytes trigger EAE progression, but do not contribute to the resident microglia pool

Bahareh Ajami et al.

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Ginsenoside Rd attenuates early oxidative damage and sequential inflammatory response after transient focal ischemia in rats

Ruidong Ye et al.

NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL (2011)

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CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells in cerebral ischemic stroke

Xuefang Ren et al.

METABOLIC BRAIN DISEASE (2011)

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EDARAVONE ALLEVIATES DELAYED NEURONAL DEATH AND LONG-DATED COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION OF HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER TRANSIENT FOCAL ISCHEMIA IN Wistar RAT BRAINS

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Notch Activation Enhances the Microglia-Mediated Inflammatory Response Associated With Focal Cerebral Ischemia

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STROKE (2011)

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Role of C-reactive protein in cerebrovascular disease: a critical review

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EXPERT REVIEW OF CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY (2011)

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The use of Stronger Neo-Minophagen C, a glycyrrhizin-containing preparation, in robust neuroprotection in the postischemic brain

Seung-Woo Kim et al.

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Lipid Oxidation and Peroxidation in CNS Health and Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities

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Ischemia-activated microglia induces neuronal injury via activation of gp91phox NADPH oxidase

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Acute estradiol protects CA1 neurons from ischemia-induced apoptotic cell death via the PI3K/Akt pathway

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BRAIN RESEARCH (2010)

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P2X7 receptor activation induces CXCL2 production in microglia through NFAT and PKC/MAPK pathways

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Therapeutic effects of resveratrol during acute periods following experimental ischemic stroke

Jin A. Shin et al.

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Huperzine A Improves Chronic Inflammation and Cognitive Decline in Rats With Cerebral Hypoperfusion

Juan Wang et al.

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Blood stem cells emerge from aortic endothelium by a novel type of cell transition

Karima Kissa et al.

NATURE (2010)

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The role of CC chemokine receptor 2 on microglia activation and blood-borne cell recruitment after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice

Matthias Schilling et al.

BRAIN RESEARCH (2009)

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Regulatory T Cells Modulate Postischemic Neovascularization

Yasmine Zouggari et al.

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Rosmanol Potently Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced iNOS and COX-2 Expression through Downregulating MAPK, NF-κB, STAT3 and C/EBP Signaling Pathways

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Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in neuroprotection afforded by ischemic preconditioning

Jesus M. Pradillo et al.

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Resting Microglia Directly Monitor the Functional State of Synapses In Vivo and Determine the Fate of Ischemic Terminals

Hiroaki Wake et al.

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Indole-3-Propionic Acid Attenuates Neuronal Damage and Oxidative Stress in the Ischemic Hippocampus

In Koo Hwang et al.

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A CREB-C/EBPβ cascade induces M2 macrophage-specific gene expression and promotes muscle injury repair

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2009)

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Infarct Volume is a Major Determiner of Post-Stroke Immune Cell Function and Susceptibility to Infection

Andreas Hug et al.

STROKE (2009)

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Purinergic signalling in the nervous system: an overview

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TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES (2009)

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Role of CX3CR1 (fractalkine receptor) in brain damage and inflammation induced by focal cerebral ischemia in mouse

Adam Denes et al.

JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM (2008)

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Human anti-inflammatory macrophages induce Foxp3+GITR+CD25+ regulatory T cells, which suppress via membrane-bound TGFβ-1

Nigel D. L. Savage et al.

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Huperzine A exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia

Zhi-Fei Wang et al.

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The HMGB1 Receptor RAGE Mediates Ischemic Brain Damage

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Purinergic signalling and disorders of the central nervous system

Geoffrey Burnstock

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TLR-4 deficiency protects against focal cerebral ischemia and axotomy-induced neurodegeneration

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NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE (2008)

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RAGE expression is up-regulated in human cerebral ischemia and pMCAO rats

Dong-Xu Zhai et al.

NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS (2008)

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Regulation of A(2A) adenosine receptor expression and functioning following permanent focal ischemia in rat brain

Maria L. Trincavelli et al.

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Proliferating resident microglia after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice

Adam Denes et al.

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Chemokines and chemokine receptors in neurological disease: Raise, retain, or reduce?

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NEUROTHERAPEUTICS (2007)

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Toll-like receptor 2 mediates CNS injury in focal cerebral ischemia

Seija Lehnardt et al.

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Pivotal role for neuronal Toll-like receptors in ischemic brain injury and functional deficits

Sung-Chun Tang et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2007)

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Crosstalk among Jak-STAT, toll-like receptor, and ITAM-dependent pathways in macrophage activation

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Absence of the chemokine receptor CCR2 protects against cerebral Ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice

Olivier B. Dimitrijevic et al.

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Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in brain damage and inflammation after experimental stroke

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Physiology and pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission

Geoffrey Burnstock

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Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ natural regulatory T cells in dominant self-tolerance and autoimmune disease

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Paeonol reduced cerebral infarction involving the superoxide anion and microglia activation in ischemia-reperfusion injured rats

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Activation of cerebral peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma promotes neuroprotection by attenuation of neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression after focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Yi Zhao et al.

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Inducible nitric oxide synthase contributes to gender differences in ischemic brain injury

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Immune cells contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning abilities in adulthood

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Notch1 augments NF-κB activity by facilitating its nuclear retention

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EMBO JOURNAL (2006)

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Theaflavin ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats through its anti-inflammatory effect and modulation of STAT-1

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Central nervous system injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome

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Crystal structure of IRF-3 in complex with CBP

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Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo

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Modulatory effects of progesterone on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in vivo and in vitro

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Neuroprotective effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate after hypoxia-ischemia-induced brain damage: novel mechanisms of action

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P2X7 nucleotide receptor activation enhances IFNγ-induced type II nitric oxide synthase activity in BV-2 microglial cells

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Flavonoid wogonin from medicinal herb is neuroprotective by inhibiting inflammatory activation of microglia

H Lee et al.

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Activation of innate immunity in the CNS triggers neurodegeneration through a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathway

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2003)

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C/EBPβ gene inactivation causes both impaired and enhanced gene expression and inverse regulation of IL-12 p40 and p35 mRNAs in macrophages

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Brain macrophages inhibit gap junctional communication and downregulate connexin 43 expression in cultured astrocytes

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Involvement of microglial receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) in Alzheimer's disease: Identification of a cellular activation mechanism

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