Related references
Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Review
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Summary: Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 6.5 million deaths worldwide, highlighting the crucial role of the immune system in defending against emerging pathogens. Inborn errors of immunity (IEI), characterized by defects in immune cell development and function, make individuals highly susceptible to severe infections and immune dysregulation. The study of IEI has provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and immunopathology, which can inform the development of therapies for both emerging and established infectious diseases.
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Paul Moss
Summary: T cell immunity plays a central role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, with early responses correlating with protection. T cell memory provides broad recognition of viral proteins, limiting the impact of viral variants and offering protection against severe disease. Current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust T cell responses, contributing to the prevention of hospitalization or death. Therefore, the importance of T cell immunity may have been underestimated.
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Stuart G. Tangye et al.
Summary: The International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee has published an updated classification of inborn errors of immunity, which includes 55 novel monogenic gene defects and 1 phenocopy caused by autoantibodies. This update contributes to our understanding of the molecular, cellular, and immunological mechanisms of human immune diseases, and provides a resource for molecular diagnosis of heritable immunological disorders and scientific research on monogenic and related human immune diseases.
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Malika Hale et al.
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Qian Zhang et al.
Summary: In an international cohort of 112 hospitalized children with COVID-19 pneumonia, 12 children with recessive inborn errors of type I interferon immunity were identified. These deficiencies may contribute to the development of COVID-19 pneumonia in children. Additionally, these deficiencies were not found in individuals without pneumonia from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Marta A. Kisiel et al.
Summary: This study aimed to investigate persistent symptoms up to 12 months after COVID-19 in non-hospitalized patients and their impact on work ability. The results showed that 47% of the respondents reported persistent symptoms 12 months after COVID-19 diagnosis, with impaired sense of smell and/or taste and fatigue being the most commonly reported symptoms. Predictors of persistent symptoms included being born abroad, lower physical fitness compared with peers before COVID-19, body mass index >25 kg/m(2), cooccurrence of hypertension and chronic pain, and having more than seven of the general COVID-19 symptoms at the onset. The study highlights the importance of considering work ability after mild COVID-19.
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Ayat A. Awwad et al.
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Hassan Abolhassani et al.
Summary: In most children with preexisting inborn errors of immunity (IEI), genetic causes that affect immune system function were identified. The severity of COVID-19 in these children was high, with a significant mortality rate. Therefore, it is crucial to develop strategies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in children with IEI.
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Alba Ruedas-Lopez et al.
Summary: This study analyzed the humoral and cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric patients. The results showed that anti-RBD IgG antibodies persisted at 6-7 months after infection, with different IgG responses depending on age. Most patients did not display cellular immune response 6-7 months after infection.
MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
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Dominik Menges et al.
Summary: A study on SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals found that the longevity of antibody and T cell responses may differ. While antibody responses to S protein persist, levels of antibody response to N protein decrease over time. Additionally, neutralizing activity against the Delta and Omicron variants decreases significantly within weeks of infection. Although virus-specific T cells are detectable in most participants, they are more variable than antibody responses.
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Ewan Donnachie et al.
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Adrian M. Shields et al.
Summary: Individuals with primary and secondary immunodeficiency (PID/SID) have a higher risk of poor outcomes during the early stages of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This study compared the outcomes of two cohorts of PID and SID patients, one infected prior to the availability of vaccination and treatments, and the other infected after these interventions became available. The results showed that vaccination, outpatient treatments, and the emergence of the B.1.1.529 variant have led to significant improvements in morbidity and mortality for PID patients. However, PID and SID patients still have a significantly increased risk of poor outcomes compared to the general population.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
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Review
Immunology
Elisama Gomes Magalhaes de Melo et al.
Summary: Patients with COVID-19 experiencing chemosensory dysfunctions have lower levels of inflammatory biomarkers compared to patients without these disturbances, potentially indicating a more favorable clinical course.
INFLAMMOPHARMACOLOGY
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Guillem Safont et al.
Summary: The measurement of specific T-cell responses is important for COVID-19 diagnostics and management, with the study finding a low chance of IFN-gamma T-cell response against SARS-CoV-2 during the acute phase but potential increase over time. Only half of vaccinated individuals displayed an IFN-gamma T-cell response after the second dose.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
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Cell Biology
Grace Mantus et al.
Summary: The study reveals that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination can induce durable humoral immunity, especially in recovered individuals. However, for naive recipients, the half-life of antibodies is shorter and the neutralization potency is lower.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
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Tilmann Schober et al.
Summary: This study aimed to identify risk factors for severe disease in children hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The results showed that having chronic comorbidities, obesity, and chromosomal disorders were independent risk factors for severity. Age and specific comorbidities were associated with disease severity, and these findings have important implications for guiding vaccination and treatment approaches in children.
BMJ PAEDIATRICS OPEN
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Allergy
Isabelle Meyts et al.
Summary: The study shows that patients with IEI exhibit varied responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, with some requiring hospitalization and even intensive care, and a non-negligible mortality rate. In comparison to the general population, younger IEI patients may face a higher risk of severe illness and mortality.
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(2021)
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Virology
Yawen Jiang et al.
Summary: The study aimed to synthesize available RCT evidence on the effectiveness of remdesivir for treating hospitalized COVID-19 patients using network meta-analyses. Both the 10-day and 5-day remdesivir regimens were associated with higher odds of clinical improvement and recovery compared to a placebo. This suggests that remdesivir may have clinical benefits for hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Letter
Clinical Neurology
Simon Rinaldi
ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY
(2021)
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Clinical Neurology
Marcos Fragiel et al.
Summary: Among COVID patients attended at 61 Spanish emergency departments during the pandemic peak, there was a higher frequency of GBS compared to non-COVID patients. COVID-GBS patients commonly experienced olfactory-gustatory disorders, but did not have an increased mortality rate. The results suggest a possible link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and GBS.
ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY
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Allergy
Adrian M. Shields et al.
Summary: Patients with PID and symptomatic SID have higher morbidity and mortality risks from COVID-19 compared to the general population, requiring enhanced protective measures.
JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Allergy
Mark J. Ponsford et al.
Summary: The purpose of this review is to understand the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in monogenic causes of predominant antibody deficiency, with a focus on the antiviral contribution of humoral immunity. Key pathways related to severe COVID-19, such as BTK and hyperinflammation, are emerging, while convalescent plasma therapy has been associated with viral escape variants. XLA individuals can mount a viral-specific T-cell response, but the clinical significance is still evolving.
CURRENT OPINION IN ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Pediatrics
Giorgia Bucciol et al.
Summary: This review summarizes the course and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with IEIs, finding that most IEIs do not independently increase the risk of severe disease. In fact, some IEIs may even be protective against severe disease.
CURRENT OPINION IN PEDIATRICS
(2021)
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Immunology
Samaneh Delavari et al.
Summary: A study on patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders showed that while their incidence of infections was only 1.23 times higher than the general population, their mortality rate was 10 times higher, particularly in patients with combined immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation. Further management strategies such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and immunomodulatory agents should be considered to improve the survival rate in these patients.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
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Nufar Marcus et al.
Summary: The study summarized clinical and laboratory data of PID patients with COVID-19 in Israel, most of whom had mild symptoms, possibly due to their high level of awareness, extra precautions, and even self-isolation. Defects or abnormalities in specific immune pathways, such as type I interferon signaling, might increase the risk of a more severe disease course and the development of COVID-19 sequelae.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
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Margaux Lafaurie et al.
Summary: The study investigated the impact of prior exposure to systemic corticosteroids on COVID-19 severity in hospitalized patients and found that previous exposure did not increase the risk of unfavorable outcomes. The results suggest that patients with previous exposure to corticosteroids did not have worse outcomes during hospitalization for COVID-19.
BMC PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY
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Immunology
Hannah Kinoshita et al.
Summary: This study characterized antibody and T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins in patients with antibody deficiencies, showing robust T cell activity and humoral immunity in some patients. The study results are encouraging, especially considering the reliance on spike protein in most candidate vaccines, but further research is needed to define the timing of immunity onset, longevity of immune response, and variability in immunocompromised patients.
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Immunology
Paul Bastard et al.
Summary: Patients with biallelic loss-of-function variants of AIRE, suffering from APS-1, produce autoantibodies that neutralize most type I interferons, leading to a significantly increased risk of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. Research has shown that in APS-1 patients with these neutralizing autoantibodies, 86% developed COVID-19 pneumonia.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ani Nalbandian et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, causing global healthcare crises. Recovery from COVID-19 may lead to persistent symptoms and long-term complications, prompting the need for multidisciplinary care and follow-up for survivors.
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Cinzia Milito et al.
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He S. Yang et al.
Summary: The study found that there are distinct viral-specific antibody response profiles in different age groups with children showing higher levels of antibody response. Therefore, age-targeted strategies for disease screening, management, and vaccine development may be necessary.
Article
Pediatrics
Adin Breuer et al.
Summary: The research found that the seropositivity rate of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children was 10%, with a higher rate in older children. Despite schools re-opening during the study period, the seropositivity rate did not change. Children's immunity started declining 4 months after the initial infection.
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Surgery
David Cucchiari et al.
Summary: The study on 148 kidney transplant recipients showed that the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine elicited either cellular or humoral response in 65.0% of the patients. Approximately 20.9% of patients were considered to have prior immunization against SARS-CoV-2, while 79.1% were deemed naïve to the virus.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION
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A. Deya-Martinez et al.
Summary: The prevalence of COVID-19 in pediatric patients with moderate/severe IEI after the first wave was slightly higher than in the general population, but the majority of patients had a mild course, suggesting a potential protective factor related to age.
CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Allergy
Stuart G. Tangye et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial role of the immune system in defense against emerging pathogens. Studying severe cases in patients with IEI has led to key insights into immunology, disease pathogenesis, and immunopathology, which can improve therapies for infectious diseases.
CURRENT OPINION IN ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
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Allergy
Ottavia M. Delmonte et al.
Summary: The study evaluated antibody response and adverse events in IEI patients after COVID-19 vaccination, finding that vaccination is safe but immunogenicity is affected by certain therapies and gene defects. This data can guide counseling of IEI patients on preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and the need for subsequent boosts.
JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
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Virology
Tove Hoffman et al.
Summary: The study found that the S1 protein is a highly specific antigen of the novel coronavirus and can effectively differentiate between infected individuals and healthy individuals. Additionally, the COVID-19 SIA demonstrated high sensitivity, specificity, and quantitative ability in laboratory-based serology testing.
Review
Allergy
Giuliana Giardino et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a therapeutic challenge for the global population with diverse clinical manifestations. Recent studies suggest that specific immune defects may play a role in determining disease outcomes, providing insights into pathogenetic mechanisms and potential new therapeutic strategies.
JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE
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Immunology
Takaki Asano et al.
Summary: A study revealed that rare X-linked TLR7 variants were found in 16 unrelated male individuals with critical COVID-19 pneumonia out of a cohort of 1202 male patients. No such variants were detected in 331 asymptomatic or mildly infected male individuals.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
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Cell Biology
Juliet M. Bartleson et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic poses a greater risk for severe disease and death in older adults and individuals with age-related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Interventions targeting immunosenescence may be crucial in reducing mortality and disability caused by the pandemic, ultimately improving complications associated with severe COVID-19 in individuals of all ages.
Article
Immunology
Alessio Mazzoni et al.
Summary: The study assessed the maintenance of long-term virus-specific cellular and humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 recovered individuals, finding heterogeneous levels of immunological memory at 5 months post-infection. Some recovered subjects may be at higher risk of reinfection, with symptomatic COVID-19 patients showing higher levels of specific immune response compared to asymptomatic individuals.
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Stuart P. Weisberg et al.
Summary: This study found distinct antibody responses in children and adults after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Adult COVID-19 cohorts showed a broader range of antibody responses, while children predominantly generated antibodies specific for the S protein and had reduced neutralizing activity compared to adults.
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