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Defending against SARS-CoV-2: The T cell perspective

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2023)

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Summary: This study investigates T cells in the nasal mucosa and blood after vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. The results show an increase in tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells expressing CD69(+)CD103(+) in the nasal mucosa after the first and second doses, while CD69(+)CD103(+)CD8(+) T cells in the blood decrease post-vaccination. There is also an increase in nasal CD8(+)CD69(+)CD103(-) T cells, particularly following the second dose. Additionally, CD4(+) cells co-expressing CCR6 and CD161 are increased in abundance following both doses. Stimulation of nasal CD8(+) T cells with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides elevates expression of CD107a and cytokines.

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Summary: This study conducted a 12-month longitudinal assessment on a cohort of 77 healthcare workers to investigate the duration of T cells, antibodies, and neutralization after 2-dose vaccination. The results showed that peak levels of immune response occurred 2 weeks after the second dose, with a decline in antibodies and a plateau in T cells thereafter. The third dose significantly increased neutralization in naive individuals. Recovered individuals maintained higher levels of immunity compared to naive individuals. Breakthrough infections only occurred in naive individuals, and higher levels of T cells and neutralizing antibodies were associated with protection against these infections.

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Summary: This study observed the immune responses elicited by the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2.S. The results showed that mRNA-based vaccines elicited higher magnitude humoral responses, with mRNA-1273 inducing the most durable response, but all humoral responses decreased over time. Neutralizing antibodies against the Delta variant were lower for all three vaccines. The T cell response initially induced by mRNA-1273 was the most significant, but declined after six months. Therefore, declining immunity over time emphasizes the importance of booster doses.

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Summary: This study developed a vaccine strategy called prime and spike, which activates mucosal immune memory within the respiratory tract and induces strong immune responses. It enhances both systemic and local immunity against SARS-CoV-2, and provides full protection against lethal infection in partially immune mice.

SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces mucosal antibody responses in previously infected individuals

Kaori Sano et al.

Summary: This study reveals that prior SARS-CoV-2 infection enhances the induction of mucosal SARS-CoV-2 secretory IgA antibody following mRNA vaccination, while individuals without prior exposure to the virus have a minimal mucosal antibody response.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Omicron SARS-CoV-2 mutations stabilize spike up-RBD conformation and lead to a non-RBM-binding monoclonal antibody escape

Zhennan Zhao et al.

Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 spreads rapidly and adopts a one-RBD-up conformation, enhancing immune evasion through monoclonal antibody escape. Mutations at specific sites increase the stability of this conformation.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Immunology

Intranasal administration of a single dose of MVA-based vaccine candidates against COVID-19 induced local and systemic immune responses and protects mice from a lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection

Patricia Perez et al.

Summary: Intranasal administration of vaccines can induce mucosal and systemic immune responses, protecting animals from SARS-CoV-2 infection and preventing virus transmission.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Design of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD vaccine antigen improves neutralizing antibody response

Thayne H. Dickey et al.

Summary: By modifying the amino acids of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the neutralizing antibody response can be improved and the production and storage characteristics of vaccines can be enhanced. Through computational design and in vitro screening, three improved immunogens have been identified, which elicit higher levels of neutralizing antibodies compared to the native RBD.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2022)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Prevalence and duration of detectable SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies in staff and residents of long-term care facilities over the first year of the pandemic ( VIVALDI study): prospective cohort study in England

Maria Krutikov et al.

Summary: This study investigated the prevalence and antibody decline in staff and residents of long-term care facilities in England. The findings showed that at least a quarter of staff and a third of surviving residents were infected with SAR-CoV-2. The nucleocapsid-specific antibodies became undetectable within the first year following infection, leading to significant underestimation of the true proportion of people with previous infection. Better assays should be developed to identify natural infection.

LANCET HEALTHY LONGEVITY (2022)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Real-world effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19: Interim results from a prospective observational cohort study

Katia J. Bruxvoort et al.

Summary: Background Phase 3 trials have shown that mRNA-1273 is highly effective in preventing COVID-19. A cohort study conducted at Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) found that mRNA-1273 is also highly effective in preventing COVID-19 infection and severe disease in the real world. The study showed that the vaccine has a VE of 87.4% against COVID-19 infection, 95.8% against COVID-19 hospitalization, and 97.9% against COVID-19 hospital death.

LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-AMERICAS (2022)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Risk and severity of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections during 2020-2022 in Vojvodina, Serbia: A population-level observational study

Snezana Medic et al.

Summary: As of January 31, 2022, SARS-CoV-2 reinfections were uncommon until the end of 2021 but became common with the advent of the Omicron variant. Most reinfections were mild. Boosters may modestly reduce reinfection risk.

LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Protection and Waning of Natural and Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2

Yair Goldberg et al.

Summary: This study used data from the Israeli Ministry of Health database to compare the rate of infection with the time since immunity-confering events. The results showed that the protection against reinfection decreased over time for individuals who had previously been infected or vaccinated, but it was still higher than the protection conferred after the same time had elapsed since the second dose of vaccine among those who were previously uninfected. A single dose of vaccine after infection reinforced protection against reinfection.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Rapid synchronous type 1 IFN and virus-specific T cell responses characterize first wave non-severe SARS-CoV-2 infections

Aneesh Chandran et al.

Summary: Through analysis of immune responses in unvaccinated individuals with non-severe virus infection, this study identifies early type 1 interferon and CD8 T cell responses as potential correlates of protective immunity, providing insights for the development of universal T cell vaccines.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Count on us: T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination

Katherine Kedzierska et al.

Summary: This article discusses epitope-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, their persistence in long-term memory, and their role in limiting disease severity.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Differential immunogenicity of homologous versus heterologous boost in Ad26.COV2.S vaccine recipients

Nicholas Kim Huat Khoo et al.

Summary: A study found that heterologous vaccine boosting can enhance the quantity and breadth of Spike-specific immune responses in individuals vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S, while homologous boosting has minimal impact.

MED (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Neutralizing-antibody-independent SARS-CoV-2 control correlated with intranasal-vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses

Hiroshi Ishii et al.

Summary: This study investigates the efficacy of an intranasal vaccine and finds that it can result in NAbs-independent control of SARS-CoV-2 infection by inducing CD8(+) T cell responses.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 epitope-specific CD4(+) memory T cell responses across COVID-19 disease severity and antibody durability

Ryan W. Nelson et al.

Summary: The study shows that CD4(+) T cells play an important role in COVID-19 immunity, and early disease control is related to long-term adaptive immunity. Differences in specific CD4(+) T cell responses exist among convalescent individuals of different disease severity, with individuals who experience milder disease having more circulating T-FH and TH1 cells.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Prevalence and duration of detectable SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies in staff and residents of long-term care facilities over the first year of the pandemic (VIVALDI study): prospective cohort study in England

Maria Krutikov et al.

Summary: This study investigated the prevalence and stability of nucleocapsid antibodies in staff and residents of LTCFs in England, finding that at least a quarter of staff and a third of surviving residents were infected with SAR-CoV-2 during the first two waves of the pandemic. Moreover, it was shown that nucleocapsid-specific antibodies often become undetectable within the first year following infection, leading to potential underestimation of the true proportion of people with previous infection.

LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study

Oliver J. Watson et al.

Summary: The study estimated that COVID-19 vaccination has prevented millions of deaths globally between December 8, 2020, and December 8, 2021. Achieving the vaccination coverage targets set by COVAX and WHO could have prevented even more deaths. However, limited access to vaccines in low-income countries has hindered the impact, highlighting the importance of global vaccine equity.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides define heterologous and COVID-19-induced T cell recognition

Annika Nelde et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell epitopes were identified in convalescent and unexposed individuals, showing cross-reactivity with common cold coronaviruses. The diversity of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses may be associated with mild symptoms of COVID-19.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immunogenicity of standard and extended dosing intervals of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine

Rebecca P. Payne et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine can induce protection against the B.1.1.7 variant within weeks, and extending the interval between doses can result in higher levels of neutralizing antibody response. Prior infection with the virus can accelerate the immune response.

CELL (2021)

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Article Immunology

PD-1-Expressing SARS-CoV-2-Specific CD8+ T Cells Are Not Exhausted, but Functional in Patients with COVID-19

Min-Seok Rha et al.

Summary: Memory T cell responses have been observed in COVID-19 convalescents, with specific T cells showing different phenotypes during the recovery phase. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells displayed early differentiated effector-memory phenotypes in the early convalescent phase and an increased proportion of stem-like memory cells in the late convalescent phase. Compared to influenza A virus-specific CD8(+) T cells, SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells had a lower frequency of IFN-gamma-producing cells. Additionally, PD-1-expressing SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells were functional rather than exhausted.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Recent endemic coronavirus infection is associated with less-severe COVID-19

Manish Sagar et al.

Summary: The study suggests that individuals with prior endemic coronavirus infections were tested more frequently for respiratory infections, but had similar rates of acquiring SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, patients with previous endemic coronavirus infections experienced less severe cases of COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2021)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses Are Correlated to Disease Severity in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals

Cecilie Bo Hansen et al.

Summary: Novel ELISA-based assays for specific detection of human SARS-CoV-2 Abs were developed in this study, showing significant correlations between antibody responses and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. These assays and data contribute to diagnostics, prognosis, and understanding of long-term immunity.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques

Katherine McMahan et al.

Summary: Adoptive transfer of purified IgG from convalescent macaques protects naive macaques against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cellular immune responses contribute to protection against rechallenge with SARS-CoV-2. The findings suggest that relatively low antibody titres are sufficient for protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaques, while higher antibody titres are required for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

NATURE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Durability of Responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccination

Alicia T. Widge et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection

Jennifer M. Dan et al.

Summary: Different components of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 exhibit distinct kinetics, with antibodies and spike-specific memory B cells remaining relatively stable over 6 months, while CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells declining with a half-life of 3 to 5 months after infection.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Early induction of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associates with rapid viral clearance and mild disease in COVID-19 patients

Anthony T. Tan et al.

Summary: This study found that early induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secreting SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells was present in patients with mild disease and accelerated viral clearance, while rapid induction and quantity of humoral responses were associated with an increase in disease severity. These findings highlight the importance of early functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in both vaccine design and immune monitoring.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Association of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection With Risk of Breakthrough Infection Following mRNA Vaccination in Qatar

Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.

Summary: This study aimed to assess the protection against breakthrough infection with SARS-CoV-2 after mRNA vaccination, comparing individuals with and without prior infection. The findings showed that individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection had a significantly lower risk for breakthrough infection, indicating a potential benefit of natural immunity in vaccine protection.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Spike-specific circulating T follicular helper cell and cross-neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19-convalescent individuals

Jian Zhang et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, and the majority of convalescent individuals maintain neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Those who experienced severe COVID-19 had higher levels of neutralizing antibodies, a faster increase in lymphocyte counts, and a higher frequency of CXCR3(+) T-follicular help cells.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Distinct antibody repertoires against endemic human coronaviruses in children and adults

Taushif Khan et al.

Summary: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of CoV-specific antibody repertoires in children and adults, revealing qualitative differences in antibody repertoires against endemic HCoVs between children and adults. Antibody specificities targeting the fusion peptide region and 52' cleavage site of the spike protein show broad cross-reactivity with peptides of epidemic human and nonhuman coronaviruses.

JCI INSIGHT (2021)

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Article Immunology

Durability of SARS-CoV-2-Specific T-Cell Responses at 12 Months Postinfection

Zhongyan Lu et al.

Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and T cells could still be detected 12 months after infection, with higher frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 T cells and antibodies seen in severe cases at 12 months. Additionally, polyfunctional and cytotoxic T cells responsive to SARS-CoV-2 were identified even in participants with a wide spectrum of disease severity.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity

Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.

Summary: New variants of SARS-CoV-2 show high resistance to vaccine neutralization, with some able to escape vaccine responses with just a few mutations, highlighting the importance of developing broadly protective measures against variants.

CELL (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: a retrospective cohort study

Sara Y. Tartof et al.

Summary: This study aimed to assess the overall and variant-specific effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19-related hospital admissions among members of a healthcare system in California. The effectiveness of the vaccine remained high against hospital admissions even up to 6 months after full vaccination, despite a decline in effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infections over time, which was likely due to waning immunity rather than the delta variant escaping vaccine protection.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Immunology

Longitudinal profiling of respiratory and systemic immune responses reveals myeloid cell-driven lung inflammation in severe COVID-19

Peter A. Szabo et al.

Summary: This study investigated the immune responses in the respiratory tract and blood of severe COVID-19 patients, revealing that T cells in the airways showed protective profiles while myeloid cells exhibited hyperinflammatory signatures. These findings provide important insights for understanding and treating COVID-19 lung pathology.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Immunology

A modified vaccinia Ankara vector-based vaccine protects macaques from SARS-CoV-2 infection, immune pathology, and dysfunction in the lungs

Nanda Kishore Routhu et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that MVA/S vaccination induces strong neutralizing antibody and T cell responses, providing protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and macaques. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of lung cells reveals that the vaccination also protects macaques from infection-induced inflammation and B cell abnormalities.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine for COVID-19

Kathryn E. Stephenson et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in human participants, showing rapid induction of spike-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Various antibody subclasses, Fc receptor binding properties, and antiviral functions were induced, along with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Differential Kinetics of Immune Responses Elicited by Covid-19 Vaccines

Ai-ris Y. Collier et al.

Summary: The kinetics of immune response to Covid-19 vaccines were studied, showing varying peak levels and durations of response for different vaccines. However, the response levels correlating with protection have not been defined yet.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Waning Immune Humoral Response to BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine over 6 Months

Einav G. Levin et al.

Summary: A study in Israel revealed that waning immunity after receiving two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine led to an increase in the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Levels of spike-binding IgG and neutralizing antibodies decreased more significantly in men, individuals aged 65 or older, and immunosuppressed individuals in a longitudinal study involving nearly 4000 healthcare workers.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Allergy

Systemic and mucosal antibody responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19

Carlo Cervia et al.

Summary: The study found that severe COVID-19 patients experienced a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers after symptom onset, especially with high IgA titers, while mild cases may exhibit transient production of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Interestingly, some healthcare workers with negative serum antibody titers showed SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in mucosal fluids with virus-neutralizing capacity in some cases.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants

Zijun Wang et al.

Summary: Volunteers who received the Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine showed high levels of antibodies and memory B cell responses against SARS-CoV-2, with activity similar to individuals who had recovered from natural infection. However, their efficacy against specific SARS-CoV-2 variants was reduced, indicating a potential need for periodic updates to mRNA vaccines to maintain clinical efficacy.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection

Jianmin Zuo et al.

Summary: The study shows that functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are retained and robust at 6 months following infection, with higher T cell responses observed in donors who had experienced symptomatic infection. Levels of nucleoprotein-specific T cells were correlated with nucleoprotein-specific antibody levels, providing insights into the persistence and correlation of immune responses.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma

Constantinos Kurt Wibmer et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus in the B.1.351 variant discovered in South Africa can evade neutralization by most antibodies when expressed, but does not affect binding by convalescent plasma. This suggests the potential for reinfection with antigenically distinct variants and predicts reduced efficacy of spike-based vaccines.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting

Noa Dagan et al.

Summary: A study conducted in Israel on nearly 600,000 individuals showed that the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was effective in reducing the risk of infection, hospitalization, and severe Covid-19. The effectiveness in preventing death was 72% during the period from day 14 through day 20 after the first dose, and hospitalization was reduced by 87% for the period 7 or more days after the second dose, similar to results from a randomized trial.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern

Rishi R. Goel et al.

Summary: This study found that immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants remains robust for at least 6 months after mRNA vaccination, with antibodies declining but still detectable in most individuals. mRNA vaccines also induced functional memory B cells and antigen-specific T cells, with recall responses primarily increasing antibody levels in individuals with preexisting immunity.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Membrane fusion and immune evasion by the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant

Jun Zhang et al.

Summary: The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 is more efficient at fusing membranes at low levels of cellular receptor ACE2, possibly contributing to its heightened transmissibility. Each variant shows different rearrangement of the antigenic surface of the S protein, but only the changes in the RBD make it a better target for therapeutic antibodies.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern

Daniel M. Altmann et al.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination

Patricia Almendro-Vazquez et al.

Summary: The timing and relevance of specific adaptive immunity post SARS-CoV-2 infection is not well understood. Both cellular and humoral responses following real-world anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are limited. Early and coordinated cellular and humoral responses were seen in mild COVID-19 patients, with a predictive factor against severity. Cellular immunity was maintained but antibodies declined in COVID-19 recovered patients, while a strong Th1-driven immune response was developed in uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Longitudinal analysis reveals that delayed bystander CD8+ T cell activation and early immune pathology distinguish severe COVID-19 from mild disease

Laura Bergamaschi et al.

Summary: The kinetics of immune changes in COVID-19 across different severity groups show that early bystander CD8(+) T cell immune response is prominent in asymptomatic or mild diseases, while severe cases have persistent cellular abnormalities and immune defects, which may increase clinical risks.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Distinct immunological signatures discriminate severe COVID-19 from non-SARS-CoV-2-driven critical pneumonia

Stefanie Kreutmair et al.

Summary: The immune profiles of severe COVID-19 and non-SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients show similarities in some aspects, but pathological immune signatures indicative of T cell exhaustion are exclusive to COVID-19 and linked to impaired virus recognition. Circulating NKT cell frequency was identified as a predictive biomarker for patient outcome.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Immunology

CD8+ T cells specific for an immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid epitope cross-react with selective seasonal coronaviruses

Katie E. Lineburg et al.

Summary: Efforts are being made to understand the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with a focus on T cell immunity and cross-recognition with seasonal coronaviruses. Research has shown that the N protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces an immunodominant response and T cells demonstrate cross-reactivity towards certain coronaviruses through specific peptide conformations.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Immunology

BNT162b2 vaccination induces durable SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells with a stem cell memory phenotype

Gisella Guerrera et al.

Summary: Vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine induces a sustained anti-viral T cell response for at least 6 months, demonstrating immunological competence and long-term memory against SARS-CoV-2.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 infection generates tissue-localized immunological memory in humans

Maya M. L. Poon et al.

Summary: Research has shown that SARS-CoV-2-specific immune memory persists in organs for up to 6 months post-infection, with lungs and lymph nodes being the most prevalent sites, indicating coordinated local tissue immunity for protection against future infections.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Differential T-Cell Reactivity to Endemic Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in Community and Health Care Workers

Ricardo da Silva Antunes et al.

Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2 seronegative healthcare workers had higher CD4(+) T-cell responses against common cold coronaviruses, possibly due to higher occupational exposure. Additionally, exposure to SARS-CoV-2 may decrease T-cell reactivity against common cold coronaviruses, as observed in independent cohorts from Miami and San Diego.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Nasal and Salivary Mucosal Humoral Immune Response Elicited by mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Compared to SARS-CoV-2 Natural Infection

Mariapia Guerrieri et al.

Summary: The study found that mRNA COVID-19 vaccine induces specific immune responses in nasal and salivary secretions against SARS-CoV-2, with stronger effects observed after the second dose of the vaccine. This suggests that mucosal antibody assays could potentially be used for non-invasive monitoring of vaccine-induced protection against viral infection.

VACCINES (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

WHO International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin

Paul A. Kristiansen et al.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Single-cell multi-omics analysis of the immune response in COVID-19

Emily Stephenson et al.

Summary: Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of blood samples from individuals with COVID-19 reveals immune cell and hematopoietic progenitor cell alterations that are differentially associated with disease severity.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants

Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Antibody Persistence through 6 Months after the Second Dose of mRNA-1273 Vaccine for Covid-19

Nicole Doria-Rose et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection

Leonidas Stamatatos et al.

Summary: The study found that vaccination of both previously infected individuals and those who were not infected resulted in increased neutralizing antibody titers, with previously infected individuals showing a greater boost in neutralizing titers. Vaccination of naive individuals also elicited cross-neutralizing responses, but at lower titers.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Clonal analysis of immunodominance and cross-reactivity of the CD4 T cell response to SARS-CoV-2

Jun Siong Low et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates a robust CD4(+) T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleoprotein in COVID-19-recovered individuals, with a highly immunogenic receptor-binding domain (RBD). Through characterizing T cell clones, it was found that a region containing nested HLA-DR and HLA-DP-restricted epitopes is immunodominant. Cross-reactive T cells targeting multiple S protein sites were identified, which can guide vaccination strategies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection rescues B and T cell responses to variants after first vaccine dose

Catherine J. Reynolds et al.

Summary: Vaccination with a single dose of BNT162b2 after prior infection with a heterologous variant substantially enhances neutralizing antibody responses against variants. In contrast, individuals without prior infection showed reduced immunity against variants after receiving a single vaccine dose.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil

Nuno R. Faria et al.

Summary: A new variant of concern, P.1, with 17 mutations including three spike protein mutations associated with increased binding to human ACE2 receptors, emerged in Manaus, Brazil between November 2020 and January 2021. Molecular analysis suggests P.1 may be 1.7- to 2.4-fold more transmissible and that previous infection may provide 54 to 79% protection against P.1 infection compared to other lineages. Enhanced global genomic surveillance of such variants is crucial for pandemic response.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

T cell assays differentiate clinical and subclinical SARS-CoV-2 infections from cross-reactive antiviral responses

Ane Ogbe et al.

Summary: The study highlights the importance of distinguishing T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 from cross-reactive immune responses to other coronaviruses, showing that the discriminatory ability is significantly influenced by the choice of antigens and type of assay used.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Epitope profiling reveals binding signatures of SARS-CoV-2 immune response in natural infection and cross-reactivity with endemic human CoVs

Caitlin Stoddard et al.

Summary: By developing a pan-coronavirus phage display library, it was found that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 mainly target the spike protein, nucleocapsid, and ORF1ab, including mutation sites in current variants of concern. There is variability in the number of epitopes targeted between individuals, and low levels of SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactivity were observed in individuals with no exposure to the virus. Additionally, significant cross-reactivity with endemic human coronaviruses was found in convalescent sera from patients with COVID-19.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Distinct antibody and memory B cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 naive and recovered individuals after mRNA vaccination

Rishi R. Goel et al.

Summary: mRNA vaccines exhibit robust serological and cellular priming, with naïve individuals requiring two doses for optimal antibody responses, especially against the B.1.351 variant. Memory B cells specific for spike protein and RBD were efficiently primed by vaccination, while recovered individuals showed significant boosting after the first dose, correlating with preexisting memory B cell levels. Identifying distinct responses based on prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure suggests that recovered subjects may only need one vaccine dose for peak responses, which can inform vaccine distribution strategies in resource-limited settings.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 by vaccine and convalescent serum

Chang Liu et al.

Summary: Recent study examined the neutralizing ability of monoclonal antibodies, convalescent and vaccine sera against the Indian variants B.1.617.1 and B.1.617.2, showing that the neutralization of these variants is reduced compared to the ancestral strains, without widespread antibody escape as seen in other variants like B.1.351.

CELL (2021)

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Review Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 human T cell epitopes: Adaptive immune response against COVID-19

Alba Grifoni et al.

Summary: This review summarizes recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes, highlighting the significant correlation between epitope number and antigen size. It also presents an analysis of 1,400 different reported SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and identifies discrete immunodominant regions of the virus and more prevalently recognized epitopes.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

A single dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 elicits Fc-mediated antibody effector functions and T cell responses

Alexandra Tauzin et al.

Summary: A single dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine can be up to 90% effective, with boosted humoral and T cell responses in previously infected individuals. Therefore, spacing doses may help vaccinate more people in conditions of limited vaccine supply.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Deep spatial profiling of human COVID-19 brains reveals neuroinflammation with distinct microanatomical microglia-T-cell interactions

Marius Schwabenland et al.

Summary: The study found profound neuroinflammation in COVID-19 patients, with activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. These pathological changes are associated with systemic inflammation and disturbed hemostasis, suggesting potential therapeutic strategies.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Rapid induction of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells is associated with coordinated humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination

Mark M. Painter et al.

Summary: The study found that after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, CD4(+) T cell responses in naïve individuals were fast, while CD8(+) T cell responses developed gradually. Th1 and Tfh cell responses after the first dose were correlated with post-boost CD8(+) T cells and neutralizing antibodies.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Spike-antibody waning after second dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1

Madhumita Shrotri et al.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in humans

Galit Alter et al.

Summary: The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine has shown clinical efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19, including the B.1.351 variant, but there is uncertainty regarding its immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The study found that neutralizing antibody responses were reduced against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, while non-neutralizing antibody responses and T cell responses were largely preserved against SARS-CoV-2 variants.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Rapid and stable mobilization of CD8+ T cells by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine

Valerie Oberhardt et al.

Summary: After vaccination, CD8(+) T cells become important effector cells in providing early protection, being effectively mobilized one week after primary vaccination and maintaining stability after booster vaccination. Compared with natural infection, vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells exhibit similar functional capacities but with a different subset distribution.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans

Ugur Sahin et al.

Summary: The BNT162b2 vaccine shows 95% efficacy in preventing COVID-19 by boosting neutralizing antibody titres and activating specific T cell responses. The vaccine-induced immune response is broad and stable, lasting for a prolonged period, providing good coverage against various SARS-CoV-2 variants.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variant mRNA vaccine boosters in healthy adults: an interim analysis

Angela Choi et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that both the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine and its variant-modified booster doses are safe and effective in improving neutralizing antibody titers against various virus variants.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effectiveness of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Chile

Alejandro Jara et al.

Summary: A study in Chile involving 10.2 million participants assessed the effectiveness of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine developed in China. Fully immunized individuals had vaccine effectiveness of 65.9% for preventing Covid-19 and 87.5% for preventing hospitalization, 90.3% for preventing ICU admission, and 86.3% for preventing death.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses 8 Months after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination

Dan H. Barouch et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Prevention and Attenuation of Covid-19 with the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 Vaccines

Mark G. Thompson et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were highly effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in real-world conditions, while also attenuating the viral RNA load, febrile symptoms, and illness duration among vaccinated individuals who had breakthrough infections.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants

Amarendra Pegu et al.

Summary: The study assessed the impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on antibody responses induced by the mRNA vaccine over 7 months, showing that most individuals maintained binding and functional antibodies against variants, with B.1.351 having the lowest antibody recognition.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Low-dose mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine generates durable memory enhanced by cross-reactive T cells

Jose Mateus et al.

Summary: This study examined the immune responses to the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine over 7 months, finding that subjects with preexisting cross-reactive T cell memory exhibited stronger CD4(+) T cell and antibody responses to the vaccine. This demonstrates the biological relevance and potential importance of cross-reactive T cells in generating immunity to SARS-CoV-2.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Hybrid immunity

Shane Crotty

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory is sustained in COVID-19 convalescent patients for 10 months with successful development of stem cell-like memory T cells

Jae Hyung Jung et al.

Summary: The study reveals that memory T cell responses can be detected in convalescent COVID-19 patients up to 317 days post-symptom onset, indicating potential long-lasting immunity, especially with the presence of stem cell-like memory T cells.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Differential effects of the second SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose on T cell immunity in naive and COVID-19 recovered individuals

Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo et al.

Summary: The study found that the second dose of the vaccine increases immunity in naive individuals, while those who previously recovered from COVID-19 reach their peak immunity after the first dose. This suggests that a second dose may not be necessary for individuals who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 before.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for all but a single dose for COVID-19 survivors

Matthew Frieman et al.

EBIOMEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Evolution of antibody responses up to 13 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of reinfection

Floriane Gallais et al.

Summary: The study revealed a triphasic kinetic model of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in convalescent individuals, showing long-term persistence and reduced risk of reinfection. Vaccination significantly increased antibody titers, enhancing protection against variants.

EBIOMEDICINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Integrated longitudinal immunophenotypic, transcriptional and repertoire analyses delineate immune responses in COVID-19 patients

Samuele Notarbartolo et al.

Summary: This study describes the development of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and identifies an effector CD8(+) T cell population with memory precursor-like features.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T- cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccinees

Daryl Geers et al.

Summary: This study suggests that some variants might partially escape humoral immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or BNT162b2 vaccination, but the S-specific CD4(+) T-cell activation is not affected by the mutations in the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Identification of resident memory CD8+ T cells with functional specificity for SARS-CoV-2 in unexposed oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue

Julia Niessl et al.

Summary: The study found that in individuals who had not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD4(+) T cells were similar in tonsils and peripheral blood, but functional SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD8(+) T cells were mostly found in tonsils. This suggests that preexisting tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells in unexposed individuals could potentially mount rapid immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Effectiveness of heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and mRNA prime-boost vaccination against symptomatic Covid-19 infection in Sweden: A nationwide cohort study

Peter Nordstrom et al.

Summary: The study suggests that heterologous prime-boost vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and mRNA vaccines is an effective alternative to increase population immunity against Covid-19, with higher effectiveness compared to homologous vaccination. These findings could have significant implications for vaccination strategies and logistics in the battle against the Covid-19 pandemic.

LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Longitudinal analysis shows durable and broad immune memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection with persisting antibody responses and memory B and T cells

Kristen W. Cohen et al.

Summary: The study reveals that COVID-19 patients have durable broad-based immune responses, including the continuous generation of antibodies, memory B cells, and polyfunctional T cells, which help to rapidly generate antibody responses against virus re-exposure or vaccination.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in infected or vaccinated individuals

Alison Tarke et al.

Summary: The study showed that SARS-CoV-2 variants do not significantly disrupt total T cell reactivity, although decreases in response frequency of 10%-22% were observed under certain assay/VOC combinations. This underscores the importance of actively monitoring T cell responses in the context of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Dynamics of Neutralizing Antibody Titers in the Months After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection

Katharine H. D. Crawford et al.

Summary: Antibody levels, including neutralizing antibodies, decline after SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a 4-fold average decrease in titers from 1 to 4 months after symptom onset. This decline is accompanied by a decrease in total antibodies capable of binding the viral spike protein. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term durability of immunity to SARS-CoV-2, including examination of long-lived B cells and antibody titers over extended periods.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Characterization of pre-existing and induced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells

Isabel Schulien et al.

Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces and forms functionally competent memory CD8(+) T cell responses, which can persist in some SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals. Even in the absence of virus-specific antibodies, these virus epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell responses are induced following infection.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19

Daniel Blanco-Melo et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals

Alba Grifoni et al.

CELL (2020)

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Editorial Material Immunology

Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients

Meijuan Zheng et al.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Letter Respiratory System

Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study

Rong-Hui Du et al.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2020)

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Review Immunology

Immunology of COVID-19: Current State of the Science

Nicolas Vabret et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy

Giacomo Grasselli et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019

Guang Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Features of 20133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study

Annemarie B. Docherty et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Immunology

Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Bo Diao et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing

David E. Gordon et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19

Mingfeng Liao et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Letter Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19

Irani Thevarajan et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19

Quan-Xin Long et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes

Janko Nikolich-Zugich et al.

GEROSCIENCE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Selective CD8 cell reduction by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a worse prognosis and systemic inflammation in COVID-19 patients

J. M. Urra et al.

CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Lessons for COVID-19 Immunity from Other Coronavirus Infections

Alan Sariol et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Single-Cell Sequencing of Peripheral Mononuclear Cells Reveals Distinct Immune Response Landscapes of COVID-19 and Influenza Patients

Linnan Zhu et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

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Article Allergy

IL-6-based mortality risk model for hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Rocio Laguna-Goya et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Comprehensive mapping of immune perturbations associated with severe COVID-19

Leticia Kuri-Cervantes et al.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

The receptor-binding domain of the viral spike protein is an immunodominant and highly specific target of antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 patients

Lakshmanane Premkumar et al.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Phenotype and kinetics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Daniela Weiskopf et al.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Clinical and pathological investigation of patients with severe COVID-19

Shaohua Li et al.

JCI INSIGHT (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent

Alessio Mazzoni et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19

Takuya Sekine et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Imbalance of Regulatory and Cytotoxic SARS-CoV-2-Reactive CD4+ T Cells in COVID-19

Benjamin J. Meckiff et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity

Carolyn Rydyznski Moderbacher et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mapping Neutralizing and Immunodominant Sites on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain by Structure-Guided High-Resolution Serology

Luca Piccoli et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19

Julian Braun et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls

Nina Le Bert et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19

Carolina Lucas et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections

Quan-Xin Long et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19

Jennifer A. Juno et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Rapid Decay of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Persons with Mild Covid-19

F. Javier Ibarrondo et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Divergent SARS-CoV-2-specific T- and B-cell responses in severe but not mild COVID-19 patients

Anna E. Oja et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications

Divij Mathew et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients

Jerome Hadjadj et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans

Jose Mateus et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunological and inflammatory profiles in mild and severe cases of COVID-19

Jin-Wen Song et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Marked T cell activation, senescence, exhaustion and skewing towards TH17 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia

Sara De Biasi et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses

Ugur Sahin et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Broad and strong memory CD4+and CD8+T cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 in UK convalescent individuals following COVID-19

Yanchun Peng et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans

Prabhu S. Arunachalam et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19

Qian Zhang et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19

Paul Bastard et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Low-Avidity CD4+ T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Unexposed Individuals and Humans with Severe COVID-19

Petra Bacher et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines Foster Potent Antigen-Specific Germinal Center Responses Associated with Neutralizing Antibody Generation

Katlyn Lederer et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Negative Clinical Evolution in COVID-19 Patients Is Frequently Accompanied With an Increased Proportion of Undifferentiated Th Cells and a Strong Underrepresentation of the Th1 Subset

Juan Francisco Gutierrez-Bautista et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Defining the features and duration of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with disease severity and outcome

Katharina Roltgen et al.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans

Kevin W. Ng et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cells Exhibit Phenotypic Features of Helper Function, Lack of Terminal Differentiation, and High Proliferation Potential

Jason Neidleman et al.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Rapid Generation of Neutralizing Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Patients

Mehul S. Suthar et al.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Immunology

T cell responses in patients with COVID-19

Zeyu Chen et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Allergy

Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic

Eakachai Prompetchara et al.

ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Immune Responses to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus During the Acute and Convalescent Phases of Human Infection

Hyoung-Shik Shin et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2019)

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Review Microbiology

Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses

Jie Cui et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Unique phenotypes and clonal expansions of human CD4 effector memory T cells re-expressing CD45RA

Yuan Tian et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2017)

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Recovery from the Middle East respiratory syndrome is associated with antibody and T cell responses

Jingxian Zhao et al.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2017)

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Article Immunology

Viral Shedding and Antibody Response in 37 Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection

Victor M. Corman et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2016)

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Review Immunology

Follicular Helper T Cells

Carola G. Vinuesa et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY, VOL 34 (2016)

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Review Immunology

Aging of the immune system: Focus on inflammation and vaccination

Marcello Pinti et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2016)

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Article Immunology

Kinetics of Serologic Responses to MERS Coronavirus Infection in Humans, South Korea

Wan Beom Park et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2015)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Cellular immune correlates of protection against symptomatic pandemic influenza

Saranya Sridhar et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2013)

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Editorial Material Microbiology

Type 1 Interferons and Antiviral CD8 T-Cell Responses

Raymond M. Welsh et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2012)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Age-related increases in PGD2 expression impair respiratory DC migration, resulting in diminished T cell responses upon respiratory virus infection in mice

Jincun Zhao et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2011)

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Article Immunology

Lack of Peripheral Memory B Cell Responses in Recovered Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: A Six-Year Follow-Up Study

Fang Tang et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2011)

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Article Immunology

Impaired Interferon Signaling in Dendritic Cells From Older Donors Infected In Vitro With West Nile Virus

Feng Qian et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2011)

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Article Virology

Cellular Immune Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Infection in Senescent BALB/c Mice: CD4+ T Cells Are Important in Control of SARS-CoV Infection

Jun Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2010)

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Article Immunology

Complement regulator CD46 temporally regulates cytokine production by conventional and unconventional T cells

John Cardone et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2010)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Memory CD4+ T cells induce innate responses independently of pathogen

Tara M. Strutt et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2010)

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Article Immunology

Duration of antibody responses after severe acute respiratory syndrome

Li-Ping Wu et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2007)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Chronological evolution of IgM, IgA, IgG and neutralisation antibodies after infection with SARS-associated coronavirus

PR Hsueh et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2004)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Profile of specific antibodies to the SARS-associated coronavirus

G Li et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2003)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Haematological manifestations in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: retrospective analysis

RSM Wong et al.

BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2003)

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