Abnormal Domain Growth during Polarization Reversal in Lithium Niobate Crystal Modified by Proton Exchange

The results of an experimental study of the abnormal domain structure kinetics in lithium niobate single crystals with a surface layer modified by soft proton exchange are presented. Domain switching in a wide field range allowed two qualitatively different types of domain structure evolution to be revealed: (1) the traditional growth of hexagonal domains in fields higher than 21.5 kV/mm and (2) the abnormal growth of stripe domains oriented along the Y crystallographic directions in the field range from 3.8 to 21.5 kV/mm. The stripe domains had a width up to 4 mu m and depth up to 30 mu m. It was shown that the time dependence of the total length of stripe domains could be analyzed in terms of the modified Kolmogorov-Avrami approach, taking into account the transition from the one-dimensional beta-model to the one-dimensional alpha-model. The possibility of the controllable creation of a quasi-periodic structure of stripe domains with an average period of 5 mu m by a two-stage polarization switching process was demonstrated. The formation and growth of stripe domains were considered in terms of the kinetic approach to the evolution of the domain structure as a result of the domain walls' motion under inefficient screening conditions caused by the presence of a modified surface layer. The abnormally low threshold fields were attributed to a presence of a built-in field facilitating switching, created by a composition gradient induced by soft proton exchange.

Automated summary

This experimental study investigates the kinetics of abnormal domain structure in lithium niobate single crystals with a surface layer modified by soft proton exchange. Two types of domain structure evolution were observed: the traditional growth of hexagonal domains at fields higher than 21.5 kV/mm and the abnormal growth of stripe domains at fields ranging from 3.8 to 21.5 kV/mm. The formation and growth of stripe domains were analyzed using a modified Kolmogorov-Avrami approach, and a controllable creation of quasi-periodic stripe domains was demonstrated. The abnormally low threshold fields were attributed to the presence of a built-in field induced by soft proton exchange.