A new DLK1 defect in a family with idiopathic central precocious puberty: elucidation of the male phenotype

Purpose We aimed to investigate a cohort of female and male patients with idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP), negative for Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 (MKRN3) defect, by molecular screening for Delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1) defects. DLK1 is an imprinted gene, whose mutations have been described as a rare cause of CPP in girls and adult women with precocious menarche, obesity and metabolic derangement. Methods We enrolled 14 girls with familial CPP and 13 boys with familial or sporadic CPP from multiple academic hospital centers. Gene sequencing of DLK1 gene was performed. Circulating levels of DLK1 were measured and clinical and biochemical characteristics were described in those with DLK1 defects. Results A novel heterozygous mutation in DLK1, c.288_289insC (p.Cys97Leufs*16), was identified in a male proband, his sister and their father. Age at onset of puberty was in line with previous reports in the girl and 8 years in the boy. The father with untreated CPP showed short stature. No metabolic derangement was present in the father except hypercholesterolemia. Undetectable Dlk1 serum levels indicated the complete lack of protein production in the three affected patients. Conclusion A DLK1 defect has been identified for the first time in a boy, underscoring the importance of genetic testing in males with idiopathic or sporadic CPP. The short stature reported by his untreated father suggests the need for timely diagnosis and treatment of subjects with DLK1 defects.

Automated summary

This study aimed to investigate the presence of Delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1) defects in a cohort of female and male patients with idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP) who were negative for Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 (MKRN3) defect. A novel heterozygous mutation in DLK1 was identified in a male proband, his sister, and their father, emphasizing the importance of genetic testing in males with CPP. The findings suggest the need for timely diagnosis and treatment for individuals with DLK1 defects, as illustrated by the short stature observed in the untreated father.