Related references
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Summary: The study investigates the evolutionary relationships and similarities between the Omicron variant and other SARS-CoV-2 variants, finding that the Omicron variant forms a new monophyletic clade distant from other variants.
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Summary: The discovery of the Omicron variant has sparked global concerns about its mutations, transmission, and immune escape properties. Current research suggests that the variant may impact viral infectivity and host immunity, and it may evolve from clade 20B.
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Yusha Araf et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is a heavily mutated virus with a high risk of infection. Limited information is available regarding the genomics, transmissibility, and effectiveness of vaccines against this variant, emphasizing the need for further investigation.
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Summary: Recent reports show that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant sub-lineages BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2 have raised concerns about their ability to escape vaccine-induced and infection-induced immunity. A study finds that all Omicron sub-lineages, especially BA.1 and BA.1.1, exhibit significant immune escape, but this can be largely overcome by mRNA vaccine booster doses. The findings highlight the importance of booster vaccine doses for protection against all Omicron variants and provide insights into the immunity from natural infection against Omicron sub-lineages.
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Summary: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, the viral genome has undergone multiple mutations that may enhance transmission. One year later, continued analysis of emergent SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences aims to enhance understanding of the virus's evolution.
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Yang Li et al.
Summary: By analyzing the serum IgG response of 1,051 COVID-19 patients, researchers identified linear epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, revealing two regions rich in linear epitopes and identifying variable peptide responses associated with disease severity. Antibodies obtained from immunizing mice with linear epitopes did not show significant neutralizing activity against the virus, suggesting the importance of understanding humoral responses for vaccine refinement.
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Summary: Vaccines have proven to be effective in controlling hospitalisation and deaths associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the emergence of viral variants with novel antigenic profiles raises concerns. Serum from vaccine recipients showed reduced neutralisation against SARS-CoV-2 variants like B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2, and B.1.351. The BNT162b2 vaccine induced higher neutralising antibody titres compared to the ChAdOx1 vaccine, but both vaccines showed decreased efficacy against certain variants.
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Matthew McCallum et al.
Summary: The study identifies 41 human monoclonal antibodies that recognize the N-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and exhibit strong neutralizing activity. These antibodies inhibit cell-to-cell fusion, activate effector functions, and protect animals from virus challenge, highlighting the importance of NTD-specific neutralizing antibodies for protective immunity and vaccine development. Several SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the NTD supersite suggest ongoing selective pressure on the virus.
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Bo Meng et al.
Summary: The Delta H69N70 mutation in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein increases infectivity and partially rescues immune escape mutations that impair infectivity. Continued surveillance and research on deletions with functional effects are necessary.
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Jiri Zahradnik et al.
Summary: In vitro evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain successfully generated a high-affinity variant effective in inhibiting virus infection. Mutations present in more transmissible viruses were preferentially selected, and increased affinity to ACE2 was positively correlated with the incidence of RBD mutations in the population. The study also identified mutations with potential higher infectivity, and the high-affinity RBD variant showed efficacy in inhibiting infection in vitro and reducing clinical disease in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
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Summary: Our study demonstrates that mutations in ACE2, specifically S19W, T27W, and N330Y, can enhance the binding of SARS-CoV-2, with synergistic effects observed between Y330 and either W19 or W27. These mutations show significantly improved entry-inhibition efficacy against both wild-type and antibody-resistant viruses, suggesting their potential application in clinical treatment of COVID-19.
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