Theoretical investigation of Chevrel phase materials for cathodes accommodating Ca2+ ions

The Chevrel phase compounds Mo6X8 (X = S, Se, Te) are theoretically studied by ab initio methods as potential candidates for battery cathode materials. The voltage profiles are calculated for the cases of various alkaline earth metals (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) serving as guest intercalation ions. The Ca ions are shown to offer the practically significant voltage of similar to 1.0-1.25 V, with S substitution giving the highest voltage over Se and Te. We further demonstrate that doubling the capacity of such a battery would also be possible by incorporating a second Ca ion near the Mo6X8 cluster. The electronic properties of this material are investigated, revealing that the entire Mob cluster behaves as a redox center. Finally, the ion diffusion barriers are calculated, showing comparable values to existing battery materials. This work demonstrates that the Chevrel phase may be useful as a cathode material for intercalating divalent ions, and also offers insights into possible tuning of cathode properties by judicious selection of the constituents. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.