4.8 Article

Stable all-solid-state sodium-sulfur batteries for low-temperature operation enabled by sodium alloy anode and confined sulfur cathode

Journal

NANO ENERGY
Volume 105, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107995

Keywords

Na-S batteries; All-solid-state batteries; Na alloy anodes; Sulfur composite cathodes

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This study investigates the performance of sodium-antimony (Na-Sb) and sodium-tin (Na-Sn) alloy anodes in sodium-sulfur (Na-S) batteries and demonstrates the stability of Na3Sb alloy in the alloying/dealloying process. The combination of Na3Sb alloy anode with sulfur-carbon composites results in high specific capacity and improved rate performance.
All-solid-state sodium-sulfur (Na-S) batteries are promising for stationary energy storage devices because of their low operating temperatures (less than 100 degrees C), improved safety, and low-cost fabrication. Using Na alloy instead of Na metal as an anode in Na-S batteries can prevent dendrite growth and improve interfacial stability between the anode and solid electrolytes to achieve long-cycling stability. A high-sulfur content cathode possessing high sulfur utilization is also important to enable an energy-dense Na-S battery. In this work, we studied Na-Sb and Na-Sn alloy anodes and demonstrated the superiority of Na3Sb alloy undergoing a stable Na alloying/dealloying process at 0.04 mA cm-2 for over 500 h. Combining the optimized Na3Sb alloy anode with sulfur-carbon composites prepared by the vapor deposition approach, the full cell shows a high sulfur specific capacity and improved rate performance. Moreover, the all-solid-state Na alloy-S battery can deliver a high initial discharge specific capacity of 1377 mAh g-1 and maintain good capacity retention of 70 % after 180 cycles at 60 degrees C. Post -cycle characterizations show that both the anode and cathode perform a reversible discharge/charge process after the 1st cycle, and the cathode undergoes significantly rearranged distributions of carbon and solid-state electrolytes after 180 cycles due to severe volume change induced by repeated sodiation/desodiation process. Data availability: Data will be made available on request.

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