Scots Pines (Pinus sylvestris) as Sources of Biological Ice-Nucleating Macromolecules (INMs)

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is the most widespread pine species in the world. It grows in the largest forest system in the northern hemisphere and, together with birch trees, occupies a major part of the boreal forests. Recently, birch trees have been discovered as important emission sources of terrestrial ice-nucleating macromolecules (INMs) coming from pollen, bark, leaves, petioles, branches, and stem surfaces. It is known that pine pollen nucleate ice; however, the potential of other tree parts releasing INMs and contributing to the emission of ice-active aerosols is unknown. Here, we investigated the distribution of INMs in, on, and around Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris) in a laboratory and field study. We collected bark, branch wood, and needle samples from six pine trees in an urban park in Vienna, Austria. The concentration of INMs from aqueous extracts of milled (powder extracts) and intact surfaces (surface extracts) were determined. In addition, we collected rainwater rinsed off from three pines during a rainfall event and analyzed its INM content. All investigated samples contained INMs with freezing onset temperatures ranging from -16 & DEG;C to -29 & DEG;C. The number concentration of INMs in powder extracts at -25 & DEG;C (nINMs-25 & DEG;C) ranged from 10(5) to 10(9) per mg dry weight. Surface extracts showed concentrations from 10(5) to 10(8) INMs per cm(2) of extracted surface, with needle samples exhibiting the lowest concentrations. In the rain samples, we found 10(6) and 10(7) INMs per cm(2) of rain-collector area at -25 & DEG;C, with freezing onset temperatures similar to those observed in powder and surface extracts. With our data, we estimate that one square meter of pine stand can release about 4.1 x 10(9) to 4.6 x 10(12) INMs active at -25 & DEG;C and higher, revealing pine forests as an extensive reservoir of INMs. Since pines are evergreen and release INMs not only from pollen grains, pines and the boreal forest in general need to be considered as a dominant source of INMs in high latitude and high-altitude locations, where other species are rare and other ice nuclei transported over long distances are diluted. Finally, we propose pine trees as an INM emission source which can trigger immersion freezing events in cloud droplets at moderate supercooled temperatures and therefore may have a significant impact on altering mixed phase clouds.

Automated summary

Scots pine is the most widespread pine species and plays a major role in boreal forests. Recently, birch trees have been found to release ice-nucleating macromolecules (INMs), but the potential of other tree parts releasing INMs is not known. This study investigated the distribution of INMs in and around Scots pine and found that all investigated samples contained INMs.