Soil Property, Rather than Climate, Controls Subsoil Carbon Turnover Time in Forest Ecosystems across China

Subsoil (0.2-1 m) organic carbon (C) accounts for the majority of soil organic carbon (SOC), and SOC turnover time (tau, year) is an important index of soil C stability and sequestration capacity. However, the estimation of subsoil tau and the identification of its dominant environmental factors at a regional scale is lacking in regards to forest ecosystems. Therefore, we compiled a dataset with 630 observations to investigate subsoil tau and its influencing factors in forest ecosystems across China using the structural equation model (SEM). The results showed a large variability of subsoil tau from 2.3 to 896.2 years, with a mean (+/- standard deviation) subsoil tau of 72.4 +/- 68.6 years; however, the results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that subsoil tau differed significantly with forest types (p = 0.01), with the slowest subsoil tau obtained in deciduous-broadleaf forests (82.9 +/- 68.7 years), followed by evergreen-needleleaf forests (77.6 +/- 60.8 years), deciduous-needleleaf forests (75.3 +/- 78.6 years), and needleleaf and broadleaf mixed forests (71.3 +/- 80.9 years), while the fastest subsoil tau appeared in evergreen-broadleaf forests (59.9 +/- 40.7 years). Subsoil tau negatively correlated with the mean annul temperature, occurring about three years faster with a one degree increase in temperature, indicating a faster subsoil SOC turnover under a warming climate. Subsoil tau significantly and positively correlated with microbial activities (indicated by microbial C and nitrogen), highlighting the importance of microbial communities in regulating subsoil C dynamics. Climate, forest types, forest origins, vegetation, and soil variables explained 37% of the variations in subsoil tau, as indicated by the SEM, and the soil property was the most important factor affecting subsoil tau. This finding challenged previous perception that climate was the most important factor driving subsoil C dynamics, and that dominant drivers varied according to climate zones. Therefore, recognizing different dominant factors in predicting subsoil C dynamics across climate zones would improve our understanding and reduce the uncertainties regarding subsoil C dynamics in biogeochemical models under ongoing climate change.

Automated summary

This study investigated the subsoil carbon turnover time (tau) and its influencing factors in forest ecosystems across China. The results showed a large variability in subsoil tau, with the slowest turnover in deciduous-broadleaf forests and the fastest turnover in evergreen-broadleaf forests. Subsoil tau was negatively correlated with mean annual temperature and positively correlated with microbial activities. Soil properties were found to be the most important factor affecting subsoil tau.