Paramyxoviruses from bats: changes in receptor specificity and their role in host adaptation

Global metagenomic surveys have revealed that bats host a diverse array of paramyxoviruses, including species from at least five major genera. An essential determinant of successful spillover is the entry of a virus into a new host. We evaluate the role of receptor usage in the zoonotic potential of bat-borne henipaviruses, morbilliviruses, pararubulaviruses, orthorubulaviruses, and jeilongviruses; successful spillover into humans depends upon compatibility of a respective viral attachment protein with its cognate receptor. We also emphasize the importance of postentry restrictions in preventing spillover. Metagenomics and characterization of newly identified paramyxoviruses have greatly improved our understanding of spillover determinants, allowing for better forecasts of which bat-borne viruses may pose the greatest risk for cross-species transmission into humans.

Automated summary

Global metagenomic surveys have shown that bats carry various types of paramyxoviruses from at least five major genera. The successful spillover of viruses into new hosts depends on receptor usage and compatibility of viral attachment proteins with their respective receptors. Postentry restrictions also play an important role in preventing spillover. Metagenomics and characterization of newly identified paramyxoviruses have greatly improved our understanding of spillover determinants, enabling better prediction of high-risk bat-borne viruses for cross-species transmission into humans.