Temperature dependent defence of Nicotiana tabacum against Cucumber mosaic virus and recovery occurs with the formation of dark green islands

Temperature is an important environmental factor controlling plant growth, development, and immune response. However, the role of temperature in plant disease resistance is still elusive. In the present study, the potential effects of temperature on the interaction between Nicotiana tabacum and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were investigated. Our results indicated that N. tabacum plants displayed severe symptoms at early stage of post inoculation at high temperature (HT, 28A degrees C), associated with higher viral replication level, more serious stress damages. By contrast, low temperature (LT, 18A degrees C) effectively delayed the replication of CMV compared with elevated temperatures. Additionally, quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that lower temperatures (a parts per thousand currency sign 24A degrees C) promote salicylic acid (SA) dependent responses, whereas higher temperatures (> 24A degrees C) activate the genes expression of jasmonic acid (JA) pathway. Interestingly, the dark green islands (DGIs) appeared much earlier in CMV-inoculated plants grown at HT compared with those at LT and the accumulation of virus small interfering RNAs in plants were significantly up-regulated under elevated temperatures at early stage of post inoculation. Taken together, these results indicated that temperature changes had important effects on plant defence response, and different temperatures could induce different immune pathways of N. tabacum against CMV infection.