Journal
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS
Volume 137, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-03571-0
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Funding
- European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [881603]
- MUR - Italian Ministry of University and Research [2020JLZ52N]
- Universita degli Studi di Catania
- Piano di Incentivi per la Ricerca di Ateneo 2020/2022
- progetto QUAPHENE
- progetto Q-ICT
- Army Research Office (ARO) [881603]
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This research paper presents a general theory that restricts the occurrence of first-order and second-order super-radiant phase transitions in the absence of coupling with a magnetic field. It also considers the cases of interacting electrons in a lattice and M-level systems.
Equilibrium phase transitions between a normal and a photon condensate state (also known as super-radiant phase transitions) are a highly debated research topic, where proposals for their occurrence and no-go theorems have chased each other for the past four decades. Recent no-go theorems have demonstrated that gauge invariance forbids second-order phase transitions to a photon condensate state when the cavity-photon mode is assumed to be spatially uniform. However, it has been theoretically predicted that a collection of three-level systems coupled to light can display a first-order phase transition to a photon condensate state. Here, we demonstrate a general no-go theorem valid also for truncated, gauge-invariant models which forbids first-order as well as second-order super-radiant phase transitions in the absence of a coupling with a magnetic field. In particular, we explicitly consider the cases of interacting electrons in a lattice and M-level systems.
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