A Dual Function of Ferritin (Animal and Plant): Its Holo Form for Iron Supplementation and Apo Form for Delivery Systems

Ferritins represent a class of iron storage proteins with detoxification functions. The importance of these proteins is reflected by their wide distribution throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. Ferritin has two forms: holo and apo. Holo ferritin can act as an efficient and safe factor for iron supplementation, whereas apo ferritin is able to serve as a promising delivery nanovehicle for nutrients and bioactive compounds. So far, the dual functions of ferritins from animal and plant sources have been extensively studied in several fields, such as food, nutrition, medicine, and materials. This review outlines the structure of animal and plant ferritin, the iron supplementation function of holo ferritin, and the delivery function of apo ferritin. Recent advances in iron supplementation and nutrient encapsulation and delivery are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future developments for multifunctional applications of ferritins are discussed.

Automated summary

Ferritins are iron storage proteins with detoxification functions that are widely distributed in animals and plants. They have two forms: holo and apo. Holo ferritin is a safe and efficient iron supplementation factor, while apo ferritin can be a promising carrier for delivering nutrients and bioactive compounds. The functions of ferritins from animal and plant sources have been extensively studied in various fields. This review summarizes the structure and functions of ferritins, recent advances in iron supplementation and nutrient delivery, and discusses the challenges and future developments for multifunctional applications of ferritins.