Design and bioprinting for tissue interfaces

Tissue interfaces include complex gradient structures formed by transitioning of biochemical and mechanical properties in micro-scale. This characteristic allows the communication and synchronistic functioning of two adjacent but distinct tissues. It is particularly challenging to restore the function of these complex structures by transplantation of scaffolds exclusively produced by conventional tissue engineering methods. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has opened an unprecedented approach for precise and graded patterning of chemical, biological and mechanical cues in a single construct mimicking natural tissue interfaces. This paper reviews and highlights biochemical and biomechanical design for 3D bioprinting of various tissue interfaces, including cartilage-bone, muscle-tendon, tendon/ligament-bone, skin, and neuro-vascular/muscular interfaces. Future directions and translational challenges are also provided at the end of the paper.

Automated summary

Tissue interfaces are formed by transitioning of biochemical and mechanical properties in micro-scale, allowing communication and functioning of adjacent tissues. Conventional tissue engineering methods struggle to restore the function of these complex structures, but 3D bioprinting technology provides a precise approach to mimic natural tissue interfaces. This paper reviews and highlights the design of various tissue interfaces using 3D bioprinting, including cartilage-bone, muscle-tendon, tendon/ligament-bone, skin, and neuro-vascular/muscular interfaces. Future directions and translational challenges are also discussed.