Journal
VIRUSES-BASEL
Volume 14, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/v14122814
Keywords
plant viruses; subviral particles; defective RNA particles; DI RNAs
Categories
Funding
- National Science Centre, Poland
- [2017/25/B/NZ9/01715]
- [2018/31/N/NZ9/02985]
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D RNAs are defective variants of viruses that have lost essential functions for replication, encapsidation, and movement. They interact transiently with full-length viruses, impacting virus accumulation, infection dynamics, and virulence. D RNAs are widely used in research on viral replication elements.
The genomes of RNA viruses may be monopartite or multipartite, and sub-genomic particles such as defective RNAs (D RNAs) or satellite RNAs (satRNAs) can be associated with some of them. D RNAs are small, deletion mutants of a virus that have lost essential functions for independent replication, encapsidation and/or movement. D RNAs are common elements associated with human and animal viruses, and they have been described for numerous plant viruses so far. Over 30 years of studies on D RNAs allow for some general conclusions to be drawn. First, the essential condition for D RNA formation is prolonged passaging of the virus at a high cellular multiplicity of infection (MOI) in one host. Second, recombination plays crucial roles in D RNA formation. Moreover, during virus propagation, D RNAs evolve, and the composition of the particle depends on, e.g., host plant, virus isolate or number of passages. Defective RNAs are often engaged in transient interactions with full-length viruses-they can modulate accumulation, infection dynamics and virulence, and are widely used, i.e., as a tool for research on cis-acting elements crucial for viral replication. Nevertheless, many questions regarding the generation and role of D RNAs in pathogenesis remain open. In this review, we summarise the knowledge about D RNAs of plant viruses obtained so far.
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