The virology of human monkeypox virus (hMPXV): A brief overview

First described in 1958, the human monkeypox virus (hMPXV) is a neglected zoonotic pathogen closely associated with the smallpox virus. The virus usually spreads via close contact with the infected animal or human and has been endemic mostly in parts of the African continent. However, with the recent increase in trade, tourism, and travel, the virus has caused outbreaks in countries outside Africa. The recent outbreak in 2022 has been puzzling given the lack of epidemiological connection and the possible sexual transmission of the virus. Furthermore, there is limited understanding of the structural and pathogenetic mechanisms that are employed by the virus to invade the host cells. Henceforth, it is critical to understand the working apparatus governing the viral-immune interactions to develop effective therapeutical and prophylactic modalities. Hence, in the present short communication, we summarize the previously reported research findings regarding the virology of the human monkeypox virus.

Automated summary

Human monkeypox virus (hMPXV), a neglected zoonotic pathogen closely associated with smallpox virus, spreads mainly through close contact with infected animals or humans. Although it has been endemic in parts of Africa, recent outbreaks have occurred in countries outside Africa due to increased trade, tourism, and travel. The 2022 outbreak is puzzling due to the lack of epidemiological connection and the possibility of sexual transmission. Limited understanding of the virus's invasion mechanisms highlights the importance of comprehending viral-immune interactions for the development of effective therapeutics and preventive measures.