The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome

Brachycephalic dog breeds are popular around the world, yet many brachycephalic dogs are affected by numerous health problems, including several head-related diseases that are directly linked to their conformation. In addition to the well-recognized disorders associated with the respiratory system (brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome, i.e., BOAS), brachycephalic dogs have a concerningly high prevalence of ocular surface disorders that can cause chronic discomfort, loss of the globe, and/or require long-term, daily therapy. This review offers a summary of the physiological and anatomical features of brachycephalic ocular syndrome (BOS) that predispose brachycephalic dogs to develop ocular surface disease, followed by a concise description of common ocular diseases associated with BOS. It ends with an overview of evidence-based guidelines and animal welfare legislation that some in the veterinary community have already implemented but that requires a wider, international effort in order to reduce the prevalence of BOS-associated disorders and improve the ocular health of affected dogs.

Automated summary

Brachycephalic dog breeds are popular globally, but they often suffer from health problems, particularly head-related diseases due to their physical shape. Apart from respiratory disorders like BOAS, these dogs also have a high prevalence of ocular surface disorders, leading to chronic discomfort and potential loss of vision. This review provides an overview of the physiological and anatomical features of brachycephalic ocular syndrome (BOS), common ocular diseases associated with BOS, and the need for international efforts to reduce BOS-related disorders and improve the ocular health of these dogs.