Electrochemical-based remote biomarker monitoring: Toward Internet of Wearable Things in telemedicine

Internet of Wearable Things (IoWT) will be a major breakthrough for remote medical monitoring. In this sce-nario, wearable biomarker sensors have been developing not only to diagnose point-of-care (POC) of diseases, but also to continuously manage them. On-body tracking of biomarkers in biofluids is regarded as a proper substitution of conventional biomarker sensors for dynamic sampling and analyzing due to their high sensitivity, conformability, and affordability, creating ever-rising the market demand for them. In a wireless body area network (WBAN), data is captured from all sensors on the body to a smartphone/laptop, and sent the sensed data to a cloud for storing, processing, and retrieving, and ultimately displayed the data on custom applications (Apps). Wearable IoT biomarker sensors are used for early diseases diagnosis and continuous monitoring in developing countries in which people hardly access to healthcare systems. In this review, we aim to highlight a wide range of wearable electrochemical biomarker sensors, accompanied by microfluidics for continuous sam-pling, which will pave the way toward developing wearable IoT biomarker sensors to track health status. The current challenges and future perspective in skin-conformal biomarker sensors will be discussing their potential applicability for IoWT in cloud-based telemedicine.

Automated summary

Internet of Wearable Things (IoWT) plays a significant role in remote medical monitoring, especially in developing countries where early disease diagnosis and continuous monitoring are challenging. This review summarizes the progress of wearable electrochemical biomarker sensors and microfluidics in tracking health status, and discusses the potential applicability of skin-conformal biomarker sensors in cloud-based telemedicine.