Face, content, and construct validity of the virtual immersive operating room simulator for training laparoscopic procedures

Background The aim of this work is to present the face, content, and construct validation of the virtual immersive operating room simulator (VIORS) for procedural training of surgeons' laparoscopic psychomotor skills and evaluate the immersive training experience. Methods The VIORS simulator consists of an HMD Oculus Rift 2016 with a visor on a 1080 x 1200 pixel OLED screen, two positioning sensors with two adapted controls to simulate laparoscopic instruments, and an acrylic base to simulate the conventional laparoscopic setup. The immersion consists of a 360 & DEG; virtual operating room environment, based on the EndoSuite at Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, which reproduces a configuration of equipment, instruments, and common distractions in the operating room during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedure. Forty-five surgeons, residents, and medicine students participated in this study: 27 novices, 13 intermediates, and 5 experts. They completed a questionnaire on the realism and operating room immersion, as well as their capabilities for laparoscopic procedural training, scored in the 5-point Likert scale. The data of instrument movement were recorded and analyzed using 13 movement analysis parameters (MAPs). The experience during training with VIORS was evaluated through NASA-TLX. Results The participants were enthusiastic about the immersion and sensation levels of the VIORS simulator, with positive scores on the realism and its capabilities for procedural training using VIORS. The results proved that the VIORS simulator was able to differentiate between surgeons with different skill levels. Statistically significant differences were found in nine MAPs, demonstrating their construct validity for the objective assessment of the procedural laparoscopic performance. At cognitive level, the inversion experience proves a moderate mental workload when the laparoscopic procedure is carried out. Conclusion The VIORS simulator has been successfully presented and validated. The VIORS simulator is a useful and effective device for the training of procedural laparoscopic psychomotor skills.

Automated summary

The aim of this study is to validate the virtual immersive operating room simulator (VIORS) and evaluate its training experience for laparoscopic psychomotor skills. The results showed that the VIORS simulator could effectively differentiate surgeons with different skill levels and was considered a useful device for procedural laparoscopic training.