4.5 Article

Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of

Journal

STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY
Volume -, Issue 104, Pages 1-85

Publisher

WESTERDIJK FUNGAL BIODIVERSITY INST
DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01

Keywords

cell wall remodelling; comparative genomics; development; fruiting body morphogenesis; functional annotation; mushroom; transcriptome

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This study aims to comprehensively identify conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and propose novel functional hypotheses. Through analysis, 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families were identified, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development were provided, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. This gene compendium provides a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes.
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for similar to 10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi.

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