Journal
SMALL
Volume 19, Issue 10, Pages -Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206580
Keywords
amorphous carbon; hydrogen; Cu nanoparticles; graphene; superlubricity
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The hydrogen-induced thermodynamic reaction in friction experiments can convert amorphous carbon into graphene, which is of great importance for achieving solid-state transformation between different carbon allotropes and synthesizing other graphitic encapsulated catalysts with doped elements.
The solid-state conversion of amorphous carbon into graphene is extremely difficult, but it can be achieved in the friction experiments that induce macroscale superlubricity. However, the underlying conversion mechanisms remain elusive. Here, the friction experiments with Cu nanoparticles and (non-hydrogen (H) or H) a-C in vacuum, show the H-induced conversion of mechanical to chemical wear, resulting in the a-C's tribosoftening and nanofragmentating that produce hydrocarbon nanoclusters or molecules. It is such exactly hydrocarbon species that yield graphene at hydrogen-rich a-C friction interface, through reaction of them with Cu nanoparticles. In comparison, graphene isn't formed at Cu/non-H a-C friction interface. Atomistic simulations reveal the hydrogen-enhanced tribochemical decomposition of a-C and demonstrate the energetically favorable graphitization transformation of hydrocarbons on Cu substrates. The findings are of importance to achieve solid-state transformation between different carbon allotropes and provide a good strategy to synthesize other graphitic encapsulated catalysts with doped elements.
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