4.7 Article

Polymer indicator displacement assay (PIDA) with boronic acid receptors on graphene foam electrodes for self-optimised impedimetric lactic acid determination

Journal

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
Volume 377, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA
DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.133089

Keywords

Lactic acid; Voltammetry; Impedance spectroscopy; Electron transfer; Serum; Sweat

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This paper presents the use of boronic acid-based synthetic organic receptor molecules attached to graphene in a new electrochemical sensor concept. The sensor utilizes surface redox polymer indicator displacement and graphene foam electrodes. The sensor shows a concentration-dependent Faradaic current response to lactic acid and can be optimized using impedance spectroscopy based on interfacial electron transfer resistance. Surface-active components from human serum are found to modify the sensor response without affecting its performance.
Synthetic organic receptor molecules are employed based on boronic acids attached to graphene to provide functionality and selectivity in competitive analyte binding. Here, a new electrochemical sensor concept based on a surface redox polymer indicator displacement (avoiding traditional solution redox indicators) is proposed and demonstrated on graphene foam electrodes. A pyrene-derivatised boronic acid chemo-receptor for lactic acid is adsorbed onto graphene foam and coated with poly-nordihydroguaiaretic acid (poly-NHG) as an electro-chemically active polymer indicator. When bound to the boronic acid, poly-NHG remains redox silent. Dynamic displacement with lactic acid results in a concentration-dependent Faradaic current response. Effects of pH and detection methodology (voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and impedance spectroscopy) are investigated. Self -optimised impedimetric sensing based on the interfacial electron transfer resistance is demonstrated. While lactic acid sensing in human serum is possible, the sensor response is lower. Surface-active components from human serum are shown to modify the sensor response without affecting performance. Lactic acid sensing in artificial sweat at pH 4.7 is shown to result in a Langmuirian binding curve with apparent binding constant K = 40 M-1.

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