Enantioselective effects of chiral fragrance carvone (L- and D-carvone) on the physiology, oxidative damage, synthesis, and release of microcystin-LR in Microcystis aeruginosa

Carvone is a widely used chiral fragrance with two isomers (L-carvone and D-carvone). D-carvone smells like a cara-way, whereas L-carvone smells like mint. Carvone imposes a potential burden on the aquatic ecosystem. However, the enantioselective toxic effect of carvone enantiomers on cyanobacteria remains unknown. This study aims to inves-tigate the effects of L- and D-carvone on the physiological processes and related gene transcription (phoU, rbcL, and mcyH) in M. aeruginosa. Results showed that in the presence of L- and D-carvone, the oxidative damage and inhibitory effects on growth occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. The contents of chlorophyll a and protein and the rbcL transcription level were inhibited in M. aeruginosa. In addition, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was heavily depleted because of various biological processes, including growth, oxidation reactions, and gene regulation. Meanwhile, L- and D-carvone stimulated the production and release of MC-LR and upregulated the expression level of the MC-LR-related gene mcyH. Intracellular MC-LR likely leaked to the water body under L-carvone exposure, posing a potential threat to the water environment. This study indicated that L- and D-carvone can regulate the physiological and metabolic activity of M. aeruginosa and show enantioselective toxic effects. The findings will also provide impor-tant insights into the influence of chiral fragrance on cyanobacterial blooms. Furthermore, this study will guide the safe application of chiral fragrance as personal care products.

Automated summary

Carvone is a widely used chiral fragrance with enantioselective toxic effects on cyanobacteria, potentially posing a threat to the water environment. This study investigated the effects of L- and D-carvone on physiological processes and gene transcription in M. aeruginosa, revealing concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on growth and oxidative damage. Furthermore, L- and D-carvone stimulated the production and release of MC-LR, an important cyanotoxin, and upregulated the expression level of the MC-LR-related gene mcyH. These findings provide important insights into the influence of chiral fragrance on cyanobacterial blooms and guide the safe application of chiral fragrance as personal care products.