Black carbon flux in terrestrial and aquatic environments of Kodaikanal in the Western Ghats, South India: Estimation, source identification, and implication

Evolving Anthropocene epoch wields significant influence in altering atmospheric carbon, which affects the carbon cycle, leading to climate change. Understanding the carbon stock, fate, and transport across ecosystems are essential in determining India's carbon budget, hitherto, unavailable. In this study, we have analysed the stock, source, distribu-tion, flux, and the relationship between terrestrial and aquatic black carbon over a high-altitude mountainous area in the Western Ghats region using the data collected from September 2019 to February 2021. Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and Black Carbon (BC) are the highest in the forest region (SOC:23 +/- 3 g of C/kg (dry weight (dw)), BC:6 +/- 3 g/kg) and are the lowest in the urban region (SOC: 13 +/- 2 g of C/kg (dw), BC:2 +/- 1 g/kg). SOC is labile, whereas BC is non -labile. The BC/SOC ratio represents soil carbon lability. Topsoil BC/SOC ratios vary by land use and land cover, with urban areas having greater labile carbon pools than the forests. Dissolved BC (DBC) concentrations were most strongly correlated with bulk Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) concentrations in midstream (R = 0.6, p < 0.05), headwater streams (R = 0.3, p < 0.05) and to the soil bulk DBC (R = 0.3, p < 0.05), indicating the presence of transfer mechanism of soil to streams. The molecular associations revealed the presence of biolabile autochthonous compounds suggesting the crucial role land use and land cover play on watersheds. A positive relationship between DOC with seasonal hydrol-ogy and gradient significantly influences the DBC flux across regional streams. Intercomparison of observed terrestrial and aquatic carbon stocks with globally modelled data indicates an overestimation of regional-scale stock. These new findings have repercussions to policy framework on regional climate change. Further, the results suggest that a consis-tent quantification of BC and integration of regional, and global source-to-sink process are needed in order to understand and better quantify biogeochemical process cycles and associated climatic impacts.

Automated summary

This study examines the carbon stock, source, distribution, flux, and the relationship between terrestrial and aquatic black carbon in a high-altitude mountainous area in the Western Ghats region. The findings reveal variations in carbon content between different land uses, with forests having the highest levels and urban areas having the lowest levels. The study also identifies a transfer mechanism of soil carbon to streams and emphasizes the importance of consistent quantification of black carbon to better understand biogeochemical processes and climate impacts.