Three-dimensional printing of triply periodic minimal surface structured scaffolds for load-bearing bone defects

The porous and cellular architecture of scaffolds plays a significant role in mechanical strength and bone regeneration during the healing of fractured bones. In this present study, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS)-based gyroid and primitive lattice structures were used to design the cellular porous biomimetic scaffolds with different unit cell sizes (4, 5, and 6). The fused filament fabrication-based 3D printing technology was used for the fabrication of polylactic acid scaffolds. The surface morphology and mechanical compressive strength of differently structured scaffolds were observed using scanning electron microscopy and a universal testing machine. The unit cell size of 4 showed higher compressive strength in both gyroid and primitive structured scaffolds compared to unit cell sizes 5 and 6. Moreover, the gyroid structured scaffolds have higher compressive strengths as compared to primitive structured scaffolds due to the higher bonding surface area at the intercalated layers of the scaffold. Hence, the mechanical strength of scaffolds can be tailored by varying the unit cell size and cellular structures to avoid stress shielding and ensure implant safety. These TPMS-based scaffolds are promising and can be used as bone substitute materials in tissue engineering and orthopedic applications.

Automated summary

In this study, cellular porous biomimetic scaffolds were designed using TPMS-based gyroid and primitive lattice structures with different unit cell sizes. The scaffolds with unit cell size 4 showed higher compressive strength and better bone regeneration compared to unit cell sizes 5 and 6. Moreover, gyroid structured scaffolds exhibited higher compressive strengths than primitive structured scaffolds due to the higher bonding surface area. These findings suggest that the mechanical strength of scaffolds can be tailored by varying the unit cell size and cellular structures, which is important for implant safety.