Advanced biotechnological strategies towards the development of crops with enhanced micronutrient content

Micronutrients are essential mineral elements required for both plant and human development.An integrated system involving soil, climatic conditions, and types of crop plants determines the level of micronutrient acquisition and utilization. Most of the staple food crops consumed globally predominantly include the cereal grains, tubers and roots, respectively and in many cases, particularly in the resource-poor countries they are grown in nutrient-deficient soils. These situations frequently lead to micronutrient deficiency in crops. Moreover, crop plants with micronutrient deficiency also show high level of susceptibility to various abiotic and biotic stress factors. Apart from this, climate change and soil pollution severely affect the accumulation of micronutrients, such as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) in food crops. Therefore, overcoming the issue of micronutrient deficiency in staple crops and to achieve the adequate level of food production with enriched nutrient value is one of the major global challenges at present. Conventional breeding approaches are not adequate to feed the increasing global population with nutrient-rich staple food crops. To address these issues, alongside traditional approaches, genetic modification strategies have been adopted during the past couple of years in order to enhance the transport, production, enrichment and bioavailability of micronutrients in staple crops. Recent advances in agricultural biotechnology and genome editing approaches have shown promising response in the development of micronutrient enriched biofortified crops. This review highlights the current advancement of our knowledge on the possible implications of various biotechnological tools for the enrichment and enhancement of bioavailability of micronutrients in crops.

Automated summary

Micronutrients are crucial for plant and human development, and their acquisition and utilization levels depend on soil, climate, and crop types. Deficiency in micronutrients is common in staple food crops grown in nutrient-deficient soils in resource-poor countries, leading to susceptibility to stress factors. Climate change and soil pollution also affect the accumulation of micronutrients in food crops. Conventional breeding approaches are not sufficient to address the global challenge of micronutrient deficiency in staple crops, therefore genetic modification strategies have been adopted to enhance the transport, production, enrichment, and bioavailability of micronutrients. Recent advances in agricultural biotechnology and genome editing have shown promising results in developing biofortified crops.