Parametric triggering of vortices in toroidally trapped rotating Bose-Einstein condensates

We study the creation of vortices by triggering the rotating Bose-Einstein condensates in a toroidal trap with trap parameters such as laser beam waist and Gaussian potential depth. By numerically solving the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation in two dimensions, we observe a change in vortex structure and a considerable increase in the number of vortices when the waist of the irradiated laser beam is in consonance with the area of the condensate as we vary the Gaussian potential depth. By computing the root mean square radius of the condensate, we confirm the variation in the number of vortices generated as a function of the ratio between the root-mean-square radius of the condensate and the laser beam waist. In particular, the number of hidden vortices reaches the maximum value when the above ratio is close to the value 0.7. We find the variation in the number of vortices is rapid for deeper Gaussian potentials, and we conclude that the larger beam waist and deeper Gaussian potentials generate more vortices. Further, we calculate the number of vortices using the Feynman rule with Thomas Fermi approximation and compare them with the numerical results. We also observe that the critical rotation frequency decreases with an increase in depth of Gaussian potential.

Automated summary

We studied the generation of vortices in rotating Bose-Einstein condensates in a toroidal trap by varying trap parameters such as laser beam waist and Gaussian potential depth. Numerical solutions of the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation revealed changes in vortex structure and a significant increase in vortex numbers when the waist of the laser beam matched the area of the condensate. The number of vortices varied with the ratio of the root-mean-square radius of the condensate to the laser beam waist, reaching a maximum value at a ratio close to 0.7. Larger beam waist and deeper Gaussian potentials generated more vortices. The calculated number of vortices using the Feynman rule with Thomas Fermi approximation was consistent with the numerical results.