Environmental shifts in and around Lake Pannon during the Tortonian Thermal Maximum based on a multi-proxy record from the Vienna Basin (Austria, Late Miocene, Tortonian)

The Neogene Lake Pannon was the largest lake that ever existed in Europe. It attained its greatest extent during the Tortonian Thermal Maximum. For the first time, results from a detailed lake record documenting about 85 kyr of Late Miocene time in a continuously recovered, 60-m-long, clay-rich core of Lake Pannon are reported. This record includes the transition from the lake's maximum transgression into its high-stand at around 10.4 Ma. The environmental development of Lake Pannon during its maximum extent is interpreted based on integrated paleontological, sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical data. The maximum extent coincided with stable sedimentation of clay, little influx from the hinterland, low surface productivity and severe bottom-water anoxia. The clay mineralogy of the lower part of the core points to prevailing chemical weathering based on the illite/smectite ratios. Distinct Fe, Mn and Ba enrichments are interpreted to have formed close to sulfate-methane transition zones during the maximum flooding. The highstand phase was marked by rapid environmental shifts with frequent phases of well-oxygenated bottom waters. These phases are reflected by rich benthic communities including stenohaline tunicates. The increased input of detritic kaolinite suggests a shift towards physical weathering and higher precipitation coinciding with a shift in the provenance of clay minerals. Increasing amounts of nutrients stimulated surface water productivity and nannoplankton blooms. Despite the offshore position of the core at similar to 8 km from the mountainous ranges of the Alps, strong fluvial input is reflected from 32.5 to 30.3 m by coarser sediment and the occurrence of terrestrial and freshwater molluscs. The Rhenodanubian Flysch Unit was the main source of the siliciclastics of the core and was drained by the Paleo-Wien river. Drainage from the Calcareous Alps was limited to an exceptionally strong fluvial event and related deposits, which documents the presence of a second river in the southwest, which might represent the Paleo-Liesing. The dominance of smectite throughout the core suggests a temperate climate with distinct seasonality during the Tortonian Thermal Maximum. In view of the autochthonous ascidian sclerites in three samples, and assuming generally similar ecological requirements for both Pannonian and modern tunicates, we conclude a polyhaline salinity for Lake Pannon around 10.4 Ma.

Automated summary

The largest lake in Europe was the Neogene Lake Pannon, and its maximum extent was during the Tortonian Thermal Maximum. A detailed lake record from a 60-meter-long core of Lake Pannon provides information on its environmental development during its maximum extent, including stable sedimentation, low surface productivity, and bottom-water anoxia.