Food insecurity and its determinants among adults in North and South India

Background Food insecurity is a major public health problem worldwide. In India, there are limited food insecurity assessment studies using a conventionally accepted method like the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), devel-oped by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). This study aims to measure food insecurity using the FIES and explore its determinants and association with body mass index (BMI) among Indian adults.Methods In a cross-sectional study, we used FIES to measure food security in a sample of 9005 adults residing in North and South India. Using questionnaires, socio-demographic factors, dietary intake and food security data were collected. The dietary diversity scores (FAO-IDDS) and food insecurity scores (FAO-FIES) were calculated. Body size was measured and BMI was calculated.Results The mean age of the study participants was 52.4 years (+/- 11.7); half were women and half resided in rural areas. Around 10% of the participants reported having experienced (mild or moderate or severe) food insecurity between October 2018 and February 2019. Dietary diversity (measured by FAO's Individual Dietary Diversity Scores, IDDS) was low and half of the participants consumed <= 3 food groups/day. The mean BMI was 24.7 kg/m2. In the mul-tivariate analysis, a lower IDDS and BMI were associated with a higher FIES. The place of residence, gender and wealth index were important determinants of FIES, with those residing in South India, women and those belonging to the poorest wealth index reporting higher food insecurity.Conclusion Food security is understudied in India. Our study adds important evidence to the literature. Despite hav-ing marginal food insecurity, high prevalence of low diet quality, especially among women, is disconcerting. Similar studies at the national level are warranted to determine the food insecurity situation comprehensively in India and plan appropriate policy actions to address it effectively, to attain the key Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).

Automated summary

This study used the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) to assess food insecurity among Indian adults and explore its association with body mass index (BMI). It found a high prevalence of food insecurity in India, especially among women, and identified factors such as region, gender, and wealth index that contribute to the problem.